Neither individual could move the couch separately, but together, they will be able to move it. Groups acting to fulfill selfish interests instead of cooperating with other groups often leads to depleted resources rather than benefits. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 20, 371383. a. When our stereotypes lead us to be believe that we are likely to perform poorly on a task, we experience a feeling of unease and status threat. Chapter 2: Social Learning and Social Cognition, Chapter 5: Attitudes, Behavior, and Persuasion, Chapter 11: Working Groups: Performance and Decision Making, Chapter 12: Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination, Chapter 13: Competition and Cooperation in Our Social Worlds, Figure 12.6 Current Stereotypes Held by College Students, Next: 12.2 Ingroup Favoritism and Prejudice, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Why do U.S. taxpayers lose because of North Korea's counterfeiting? A man cuts in front of the line and drops his items on the counter. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(5), 808817. a. stress the importance of improving one's physical attractiveness through diet, exercise and 15 pages. (2006). b. ethnic differences are combined to create new patterns of behavior drawing on diverse cultural sources. A. The representation also includes one image (or exemplar) of a particular college professor whom the student knows. c. People assume that individuals in the same category share traits with one another. In several forms of media men are more likely than women to be depicted in work-related d. Native Americans. c. had different cultural practices that eventually produced physical differences. c. racialization. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. New York, NY: Guilford Press. D. engaging in prejudice, discrimination, and stereotyping, Touch, Taste, and Smell: The Other Senses, Psychology Unit: Sociocultural Domain Part 2, Psychology Unit: Sociocultural Domain Part 1, Arlene Lacombe, Kathryn Dumper, Rose Spielman, William Jenkins. c. ethnicity. Tajfel, H. (1970). a. Dred Scott v. Sandford She lost her case and left Price Waterhouse. 3 You dislike doing exercise but do it anyway to improve your health. b. African Americans The presence of these outsiders might change the direction of social categorization entirely, leading both John and Sarah to think of themselves as students at their own college. Prejudices can be difficult to change despite contradicting evidence. a. more favorably than older men ), Handbook of motivation at school (pp. Which of the following statements best describes the break-even point? Weight, BMI, age, blood pressure, and physical activity are other familiar variables commonly placed into categories. c. Although adults apply gender stereotypes to children, these stereotypes are different from the Hirschfeld, L. (1996). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80(4), 645654. a. boys and girls were equally likely to be shown performing physical activities. Which group has the highest rate of hypertension? a. genocide. Aim In this study we aimed to evaluate the quality of information regarding premature ejaculation . Furthermore, he argues that women are getting too many breaks in job hiring and that qualified men are the targets of discrimination. which of the following statements concerning social categorization is correct? which of the following statements concerning social categorization is correct? d. b and c, Which of the following statements about gender stereotyping of children is/are correct? Sociologist Eduardo Bonilla-Silva argues that d. institutional racism. A researcher sends two sets of Hispanic undergraduates out to interact with others and find out how people stigmatize one of two conditions: a student who speaks limited English or a student who is clearly fluent in English. Race and ethnicity are both forms of social categorization. Furthermore, one half of the participants were told that when the presentation was over, they would be asked to remember which person had made which suggestion, whereas the other half of the participants were told merely to observe the interaction without attending to anything in particular. ability In Y. T. Lee, L. J. Jussim, & C. R. McCauley (Eds. text, which of the following titles would be most helpful to her? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 4855. a. b. Similar effects occur when we categorize other people. Research suggests that we are more easily influenced by an attractive speaker than by an unattractive speaker. According to Aristotle, an argument satisfies three conditions, and "is based on certain statements made in such a way as necessarily to cause the assertion of things other than those statements . c. segregation. And there is often good agreement about the stereotypes of social categories among the individuals within a given culture. The following statements concerning the thalamus are correct EXCEPT: A. William Julius Wilson has argued that for the United States to bridge the Black-white gap in inequality, the federal government would need to B. d. all of the above, Which of the following is not true of media portrayals of women and men? The cognitive monster: The case against the controllability of automatic stereotype effects. Outgroup homogeneity occurs in part because we dont have as much contact with outgroup members as we do with ingroup members, and the quality of interaction with outgroup members is often more superficial. b. countries with more gender inequality were characterized by greater sexism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35(9), 656666. c. Black men 12.1 Social Categorization and Stereotyping Learning Objectives Describe the fundamental process of social categorization and its influence on thoughts, feelings, and behavior. Which of the following statements concerning workers' compensation is NOT correct? Steele and Aronson argued that thinking about negative stereotypes that are relevant to a task that one is performing creates stereotype threatperformance decrements that are caused by the knowledge of cultural stereotypes. 262 courses. Although Gkn has been shown to predict important life outcomes, only a few standardized tests measuring Gkn exist, especially for the adult population. EPCA also requires the U.S. Department of Energy (``DOE'') to. Sarah feels that her positions are correct, and she believes they are true not only for her but for women in general. He decides not to rent his house to the first applicant simply because he is Arab American and rents it to the second applicant, who is white. the natural cognitive process by which we place individuals into social groups. What term would be used to characterize her argument? b. b. Joe Feagin If we believe that women are bad drivers and we see a woman driving poorly, then we tend to remember it, but when we see a woman who drives particularly well, we tend to forget it. d. all of the above, Which of the following groups of individuals is least likely to be seen on television? b. African Americans Factor analytic approaches suggest that these data reflect the influence of a . c. 13 percent; 9 percent d) Secondary research is cheaper than primary research. In media guides, both female and male athletes are more likely to be shown in passive, nonathletic Alex just made a situational attribution. communal-agentic distinction comprising stereotypes of adults. b. Content and application inaccuracy in social stereotyping. a. transference. d. by attempting to act as if race does not exist, whites perpetuate inequalities. According to the textbook, what can we conclude about the patterns of segregation in the United States? Social categorization occurs when we think of someone as a man (versus a woman), an old person (versus a young person), a Black person (versus an Asian or White person), and so on (Allport, 1954/1979). Selected accounts payable and general ledger accounts for Copperland Company are given in the Working Papers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 797811. x+31=2(x32)6x. d. Elijah Anderson. b. laws limiting the rights of blacks in the South during the Civil War b. b. nationalism. Trope, Y., & Thompson, E. (1997). When White men cant do math: Necessary and sufficient factors in stereotype threat. d. institutional racism. De facto segregation, or segregation "in fact," was completely eliminated. A. permanent Alter, A. L., Aronson, J., Darley, J. M., Rodriguez, C., & Ruble, D. N. (2010). In 1735, Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus published a modern classification scheme of human populations. This problem has been solved! Identify what went wrong and what needs to happen to correct the situation. A. Then the participants categorize the photos (Is this picture a picture of a man or a woman?) and answer questions about the stereotypes (Is this the word strong?) Ethnic and national stereotypes: The Princeton trilogy revisited and revised. Its just easier, because the stereotypes are matched or associated with the pictures in a way that makes sense. 2 "I did a good job because the task was easy." d. white men, In 2016, what percent of families headed by Latina women lived in poverty? d. minority group. This interaction best illustrates which of the following statements? d. Asian Americans, Alarming disparities in health and health care still exist among U.S. racial and ethnic groups. Research has found that the experience of stereotype threat can help explain a wide variety of performance decrements among those who are targeted by negative stereotypes. Judd, C. M., & Park, B. Adults tend to stereotype infants but not older children. d. benevolent sexism, Both hostile and benevolent sexism: B. Healthy-minded individuals can be coerced into demonstrating unlikely behaviors. One indirect approach to assessing prejudice is called the bogus pipeline procedure (Jones & Sigall, 1971). Other activities can be carried out by either physicians or paramedics. Stereotypes are often easy to change when there is evidence that contradicts a belief. b) Secondary research is done after primary research. (B) Policy dividends affect the cost of virtually all insurance policies issued today. a. only prejudiced people will discriminate. which of the following statements concerning social categorization is correct? b. institutional racism. Which of the following statements concerning social categorization is CORRECT? b. a. For one, we learn our stereotypes in part through our communications with parents and peers (Aboud & Doyle, 1996) and from the behaviors we see portrayed in the media (Brown, 1995). One problem is that social categorization distorts our perceptions such that we tend to exaggerate the differences between people from different social groups while at the same time perceiving members of groups (and particularly outgroups) as more similar to each other than they actually are. In some cases, these beliefs may be positive, and they have the effect of making us feel more confident and thus better able to perform tasks. What is this scenario an example of? d. Native Americans, Which group has lived in the United States longer than all other immigrant groups besides Anglo-Saxons, yet faces the segregation and poverty that was only a transitional phase for the other groups? The Energy Policy and Conservation Act, as amended (``EPCA''), prescribes energy conservation standards for various consumer products and certain commercial and industrial equipment, including residential clothes washers (``RCWs''). b. experiencing discrimination in employment a. stress Because men are more likely to be leaders than are women, they may well be, on average, more dominant; and because women are more likely to take care of children, they may, on average, act in a more nurturing way than do men. Women who participate in traditional feminine sports such as tennis or gymnastics get more d. The majority of teen magazines for girls focus on self and career development more than on 4 "She did a good job because she's talented. One day, the power goes out. I start with some of the early challenges to the widely-employed philosophical method of casesthe very challenges that originally prompted the new movement of experimental philosophyand with some fundamental questions about the method that are yet to have been given satisfying answers. c. There is no such thing as racial microaggressions. a. receiving unwanted sexual advances Reggie and his family are well off financially. Which of the following statements concerning stereotypes is not correct? In the next section we will consider two of these approachesthe bogus pipeline procedure and the Implicit Association Test (IAT). Race in the making: Cognition, culture and the childs construction of human kinds. In this procedure, the experimenter first convinces the participants that he or he has access to their true beliefs, for instance, by getting access to a questionnaire that they completed at a prior experimental session. 3 We are more likely to attribute another's behavior to internal rather than to situational causes. C. purposeful European Journal of Social Psychology, 30(3), 335354. Coping with the Bisaya Accent by Princess Lupian: A Case Study I. Lepore, L., & Brown, R. (1997). b. assimilation. The effects of stereotype threat and double-minority status on the test performance of Latino women. II. On the cognitive side, individuals who are experiencing stereotype threat show an impairment in cognitive processing that is caused by increased vigilance toward the environment and attempts to suppress their stereotypical thoughts. a. Mrs. Jane Sullivan d. Ms. Jane Collins-Sullivan, Currently, about ___ percent of college-educated brides do not take their husband's last name. The bogus pipeline: A new paradigm for measuring affect and attitude. As you can see in Figure 12.4 Perceptual Accentuation, the experiment involved having research participants judge the length of six lines. One difficulty in measuring stereotypes and prejudice is that people may not tell the truth about their beliefs. Furthermore, the categories are arranged such that the responses to be answered with the left and right buttons either fit with (match) the stereotype or do not fit with (mismatch) the stereotype. Immigrants to the United States from 1820 to 1880 were mostly from Sarah is a college admissions officer who does not hold prejudicial attitudes about Hispanic people. d. d. Whites may often benefit from it without even realizing it. c. Hispanics father but has decided to withhold the diagnosis from his mother for as long as possible. Swim, J. K. (1994). 2 We rely on the first information we receive to make internal attributions. His categorization revolves around the premises discussed in the deductions as well as the conditions required for arguments to prove them correct. Try the IAT yourself, here: https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit. Even if many women are more emotional than are most men, not all are, and it is not right to judge any one woman as if she is. a. Asymmetric search of individuating information about stereotyped group members. a. In this case, categorization into two groupsthe short lines group and the long lines groupproduced a perceptual bias such that the two groups of lines were seen as more different than they really were. c. less communal than traditionally titled women. c. 35 drburtoni Transgenders March, Portland 2015 SERIES CC BY-NC-ND 2.0. c. economic factors 4 We tend to attribute our successes to our own efforts and our failures to the shortcomings of others. (2005). Which of the following statements concerning prejudice is not true? Belinda is part of a jury that is split evenly between those who feel the defendant is guilty and those who feel the defendant is not guilty. At present, there are three paramedics and two physicians on duty during each shift. If men think that women are all alike, then they may also think that they all have the same characteristicstheyre all emotional and weak. And women may have similarly simplified beliefs about men (theyre insensitive, unwilling to commit, etc.). The 1964 Civil Rights Act accomplished what? Social psychology is the scientific study of how a person's behavior, thoughts, and feelings are influenced by _______. That is, they argued that the negative impact of race on standardized tests may be caused, at least in part, by the performance situation itself. d. poor diet. b. women under age 35; women over age 35 Feelings of hostility or anger directed against objects that are not the real origin of those anxieties is called This is of course another example of the general principle of assimilationwe tend to perceive the world in ways that make it fit our existing beliefs more easily than we change our beliefs to fit the reality around us. Stereotyping others is simply unfair. Use the following information to determine its net cash provided or used by operating activities. d. She became partner and was awarded financial compensation for lost wages. Social categorization occurs when we think of someone as a man (versus a woman), an old person (versus a young person), a Black person (versus an Asian or White person), and so on (Allport, 1954/1979). which of the following statements concerning social categorization is correct? Of course, you may think that you personally do not behave in these ways, and you may not. Mexicans in cities like Los Angeles and San Antonio end up living in segregated, high-poverty communities in which institutions, such as schools, have inferior resources and foster low expectations of their students; this situation may facilitate the categorization of Mexicans as a race. But when the images are arranged such that the women and the strong categories are on the same side, whereas the men and the weak categories are on the other side, most participants make more errors and respond more slowly. Which of the following is an example of a sexist experience? Although the meaning of the IAT has been debated (Tetlock & Mitchell, 2008), research using implicit measures does suggest thatwhether we know it or not, and even though we may try to control them when we canour stereotypes and prejudices are easily activated when we see members of different social categories (Barden, Maddux, Petty, & Brewer, 2004). The cluster of traits that includes being independent, ambitious, and achievement-oriented is, According to the text, in North American society _______ traits are more likely to be associated. a. Asian American women are featured in greater numbers than are any other women of color. If employees receive a contribution of 3% of total compensation, then an . One prejudices can be influenced by one's emotional state. a. a. modern; benevolent c. assimilation. \end{array} Of course, using social categories will only be informative to the extent that the stereotypes held by the individual about that category are accurate. On the other hand, sometimes these beliefs are negative, and they create negative self-fulfilling prophecies such that we perform more poorly just because of our knowledge about the stereotypes. Alex says to his friend, "That man is incredibly rude." Research evidence indicates that people view women and men who are employed as more agentic Complicating things, Gkn tests from different cultural circles cannot simply be translated as . d. racialization. media coverage than women competing in more masculine team sports such as basketball or b. (2010). Which of the following is not an assumption of the social categorization perspective on d. 50. What does GDP measure, and why is it important? Once we believe that men make better leaders than women, we tend to behave toward men in ways that makes it easier for them to lead. c. from 1986 to 2008 b. 3 His remark is based on a stereotype. In college textbooks approximately one-half of the references to women are specifically partnership was denied on the basis of her gender. 182222). c. parents perceptions of their infant's physical features closely match medical assessments. In the end, stereotypes become self-fulfilling prophecies, such that our expectations about the group members make the stereotypes come true (Snyder, Tanke, & Berscheid, 1977; Word, Zanna, & Cooper, 1974). Despite the increased participation of women in sports, female athletes continue to be b. We sometimes think of our relationships with others at the individual level and sometimes at the group level. c. wicked b. prey on women's insecurities to get them to buy advertiser's products. a. d. a and b, Which of the following statements regarding college athletes is/are not true? In these cases, your membership as a university student is simply more salient and important than it is every day, and you are more likely to categorize yourself accordingly. The social psychologist John Bargh once described stereotypes as cognitive monsters because their activation was so powerful and because the activated beliefs had such insidious influences on social judgment (Bargh, 1999). a. there are no differences in the way parents view their newborn daughters and sons. b) the influences of the social world in which we exist. According to the Milgram experiments, which of the following factors makes an individual more likely to conform to a request that would harm an innocent victim? b. had innate qualities that were different but that could be modified through socialization. Women who prefer to use the title Ms. are often perceived as: In some cases, we categorize because doing so provides us with information about the characteristics of people who belong to certain social groups (Lee, Jussim, & McCauley, 1995). Jane Collins, a woman married to Mark Sullivan, wants her potential employer to view her as "Female professor receives prestigious grant." b. C) The more complex the category, the less likely we are to use prototype theory. 2 It is deliberate and conscious. d. all of the above, Social Psychology-Chapter 7 (Conceptual/Appli. b. white women c. victim. c. increase tax breaks to Black churches. d. projecting. Perceived versus meta-analytic effect sizes: An assessment of the accuracy of gender stereotypes. Ethnicity bases classification on physical features. Multiple social categorization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60(5), 656674. a. unfriendly b. prejudice Categorical and contextual bases of person memory and stereotyping. On the other hand, we sometimes categorize others not because it seems to provide more information about them but because we may not have the time (or the motivation) to do anything more thorough. C. The point at which sales revenue equals contribution margin. c. color-blind racism, unlike overt racism, is not psychologically damaging to racial minorities. Escalation of conflict is the result of all of the following issues except __________. 13 percent; 3 percent Following the social norm made one more popular. c. Middle Easterners are white and North Africans are nonwhite. I codes "social" when the thrust of the datum dealt with relationships. Self-report measures can be affected by people's desire to state socially desirable attitudes. Ethan is a white man who has Scottish ancestry and wore a kilt to his wedding. Early experiences of failure increase an individual's sense of competence. d. Mexican Americans. d. Develop the estimated regression equation by computing the values of b0b_0b0 and b1b_1b1 using equations (14.6) and (14.7). c. teachers and fathers were a frequent source of discouraging remarks about girls' academic Linville, P. W., & Jones, E. E. (1980). The tendency to see members of social groups as similar to each other is particularly strong for members of outgroups, resulting in outgroup homogeneitythe tendency to view members of outgroups as more similar to each other than we see members of ingroups (Linville, Salovey, & Fischer, 1986; Ostrom & Sedikides, 1992; Meissner & Brigham, 2001). We actively categorize not only objects, but also ideas and events. Prejudice: Its social psychology. If you are like most people, you will have a strong desire to categorize this person as either male or female. Automatic category activation and social behaviour: The moderating role of prejudiced beliefs. Polarized appraisals of out-group members. Once our stereotypes and prejudices become established, they are difficult to change and may lead to self-fulfilling prophecies, such that our expectations about the group members make the stereotypes come true. C. holding a stereotype b. b. Studies show that discriminatory practices toward black clients in the housing market have disappeared. The game is very close. The result? Do you think the cultural stereotypes about your group have ever influenced your performance on a task. c. In the 2000 Olympics, women who competed in sports involving power or physical contact 5 focused on ethnic minority women. An example of a superordinate goal would be two individuals who want to move a heavy couch out of their apartment. Anxiety and depressive disorders are related through comorbidity and shared risk factors. These beliefs just seem right and natural, even though they are frequently distorted overgeneralizations (Hirschfeld, 1996; Yzerbyt, Schadron, Leyens, & Rocher, 1994). ______ is the model of ethnic integration that exists in Switzerland. Interestingly, and suggesting that categorization is occurring all the time, the instructions that the participants had been given made absolutely no difference. What does she write concerning Alex? b. Puerto Ricans According to the U.S. Census, are people with origins in the Middle East and North Africa white? In apartheid-era South Africa, laws forced Blacks to live separately from whites and forbade sexual relations between races. c. In explaining racial inequality between Blacks and whites, class disadvantages are more significant than racism. Brown, R. (1995). Perhaps this example will help you see the flexibility of social categorization. 3 Two tennis players become good friends. d. generalization. . British Journal of Social Psychology, 33(3), 331343. Even today, there is good agreement about the stereotypes of members of many social groups, including men and women and a variety of ethnic groups. a. Daniel Patrick Moynihan For example, if asked "how many . More than 99 percent of the people in the United States are descended from c. Many Japanese immigrants went on to become activists in the desegregation movement. Estimate with 90% confidence the number of American adults who were working full time. Bias against people because of their disabilities is known as: Confidentiality c. Integrity. c. Sports announcers highlight female athletes' femininity and minimize their athletic ability. d. Because it is easy to classify people, category-based stereotypes are always accurate. d. ethnic groups exist separately and share equally in economic and political life. Both Middle Easterners and North Africans are nonwhite. Stangor, C. (1995). Both Middle Easterners and North Africans are white. d. discrimination. This truth may come in part from the roles that individuals play in society. Stereotyping and perceived distributions of social characteristics: An application to ingroup-outgroup perception. d. Loyalty e. All of the above are. Even 5-year-old children have learned cultural norms about the appropriate activities and behaviors for boys and girls and also have developed stereotypes about age, race, and physical attractiveness (Bigler & Liben, 2006). For most of the period of European expansion, Europeans believed themselves to be superior to the people they colonized and conquered. a. new immigrant groups assume the attitudes and language of the dominant community. Prejudice occurs when one acts on a behavior whereas discrimination represents one's attitude. a. Stangor, C., Lynch, L., Duan, C., & Glass, B. Tetlock, P. E., & Mitchell, G. (2008). Once we do so, we begin to respond to those people more as members of a social group than as individuals. c. Segregation which of the following statements concerning social categorization is correct?broward summer school schedule. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 27(4), 357378. b. essentialism. She negatively evaluates a Hispanic applicant because she has "no cultural flavor" in her application. d. 75 percent, Blacks account for roughly ______ of the U.S. population and ______ of chief executives. It turns out that John does not think there should be a womens studies program at the college, and he tells Sarah so. a. Racism is a form of prejudice focusing on cultural differences between people. Explain why social traps do not benefit groups sharing the same interest. (1996). A. social inequality This multiplicity of causes is unfortunate because it makes stereotypes and prejudices even more likely to form and harder to change. Which of these four statements about self-report measures of attitude are correct? Simplify the answer when possible . Why do you (or dont you) categorize? Some popular music lyrics contain explicit sexual references which often are degrading to Without power, the fish in the fish tanks at each store will die. How can cognitive dissonance help to reduce unconsciously prejudiced or discriminatory behavior?
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which of the following statements concerning social categorization is correct?