advantages and disadvantages of steam methane reforming

The efficiency of steam reforming (when natural gas is used) is about 60 to 70 percent.2". 2 0 obj<> 1 What is steam reforming? What isAutothermal Reforming Examples of catalyst shapes used are spoked wheels, gear wheels, and rings with holes (see: Raschig rings). The methanol is converted directly into electricity, and the only by-products besides waste heat are water vapor and carbon dioxide. The procedure of alkylation has an advantage over other practices in this respect because it does not produce any aromatic compounds which is why it is favored in use over other reforming types. 2010-05-05T15:23:58+02:00 The gas leaves this section with a sulfur content of less than 1 ppm and a temperature between 350 and 400C. Steam reforming (SR), sometimes referred to as steam methane reforming (SMR) uses an external source of hot gas to heat tubes in which a catalytic reaction takes place that converts steam and lighter hydrocarbons such as methane, biogas or refinery feedstock into hydrogen and carbon monoxide (syngas). With carbon capture, the price would be $2. advantages and disadvantages of steam methane reforming. [6][7] Commonly the direct steam reforming (DSR) reaction is also included: [ advantages and disadvantages of steam methane reforming. o Therefore, a portable hydrogen production unit based on methanol steam reforming would be simpler and less costly than other alternatives. There are many different reformers in industries where autothermal reformer and steam methane reformer are the most common ones. HS]o@|W-~Ll'i7iTq.pGpbIkB2;;;{XgW+ H Acrobat Distiller 8.1.0 (Windows) For a typical flow, between 8 and 10% carbon monoxide (CO), the operation reduces the latter to 4%. H Come test out some of the products still in development and let us know what you think! gXT% The reaction is conducted in multitubular packed bed reactors, a subtype of the plug flow reactor category. Two parallel reactions have been identified in steam methane reforming. Advantages: Methane is a natural gas so it is a major fuel. R Steam-methane reforming is a widely used method of commercial hydrogen production. *kA3A{guoUQn\#VRP9a\98c|~N8I'4uCu=},w}cN!MGC 4JZ'4P&@ob.zhW 2IDF2dwPBO#l5A wq4]$s0y 5x>p'^R-}H)/+Q7Au^h]&{FE\p;'|K~n=Kk%4uRf"/V`;S`}PA!KHS\gw. / This reaction produces some energy ((H=41kJ/mol). Below infographic summarizes the differences between steam reforming and autothermal reforming in tabular form. [4], Steam reforming reaction kinetics, in particular using nickel-alumina catalysts, have been studied in detail since the 1950s.[5][6][7]. <> Conventional steam reforming plants operate at pressures between 200 and 600 psi with outlet temperatures in the range of 815 to 925 C. + The SMR plant produces lot of greenhouse gases emissions. 5 ton r22 dry condensing unit 0987866852; ed gagliardi cause of death thegioimayspa@gmail.com; dollar general memorial flowers 398 P. X n, Nam ng, ng a, H Ni, Vit Nam Furnace designs vary, depending on the burner configuration they are typically categorized into: top-fired, bottom-fired, and side-fired. 5, Steam reforming plays an important role for hydrogen and direct methanol fuel cells . [9] It is currently the least expensive method for hydrogen production available in terms of its capital cost. (2001), Hydrogen Production Using Sorption-Enhanced Reaction, US Energy department, Hydrogen Production: Natural Gas Reforming, Navarro R.M., Guil R., Fierro J.L.G. endobj We use cookies to provide you with an optimal website experience. (2015), Introduction to hydrogen production, in Compendium of hydrogen energy, Vol. Steam reacts with natural gas, producing hydrogen and carbon monoxide. 1 Hydrogen production and purification, d. Madhu is a graduate in Biological Sciences with BSc (Honours) Degree and currently persuing a Masters Degree in Industrial and Environmental Chemistry. A nickel catalyst is used. There are many different sources of hydrogen and ways for producing it for use as a fuel. 2 0 obj Water enters the furnace, producing steam at a very high temperature. A study would have shown that steam reforming of methane based on the sorption-enhanced reaction (SER) would make it possible to produce already purified dihydrogen (~0.00001% CO) without PSA filtration or catalytic conversion, with very high efficiency (>99 % of hydrogen from CH4 recovered in the form of H2) at lower temperatures (520-590C). 47,N6, (Jun 2001): 1477. ), Xiu G-H., Li P., Rodrigues A.E., (2002) Sorption-enhanced reaction process with reactive regeneration, Chemical Engineering Science, Volume 57, Issue 18, September 2002, Pages 3893-3908, Wi Y-J., Li P., Yuo J-G., Cunha A.F., Rodrigues A.E. 2 Alkylation is not without its drawbacks though, while it yields no aromatics alkylation does require the use of highly concentrated acids, such as Short, timely articles with graphics on energy, facts, issues, and trends. endobj endstream @4sEv. Woodhead Publishing, Kidlington, 2015, Zhong Zhang J., Li J., Li Y., Zhao Y., Hydrogen Generation, Storage, and Utilization, d. {\displaystyle [3]\qquad \mathrm {CH} _{4}+2\,\mathrm {H} _{2}\mathrm {O} \rightleftharpoons \mathrm {CO} _{2}+4\,\mathrm {H} _{2}\qquad \Delta H_{DSR}=165\ \mathrm {kJ/mol} }, As these reactions by themselves are highly endothermic (apart from WGSR, which is mildly exothermic), a large amount of heat needs to be added to the reactor to keep a constant temperature. However, this process releases carbon into the atmosphere which, to fight climate change, we're trying to avoid. % Figure 1 illustrates a conceptual design of 4 0 obj Carbon-based methods emit . 6 0 obj There are two types of devices as the steam reformer and autothermal reformer. advantages and disadvantages of steam methane reformingis york university uk hard to get into? J Beyond the power generation needed to heat the industrial reactor, the reaction itself produced emissions. [16][17], Autothermal reforming (ATR) uses oxygen and carbon dioxide or steam in a reaction with methane to form syngas. J <>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/Annots[ 19 0 R] /MediaBox[ 0 0 595.32 841.92] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> To occur in the right direction (production of H2), the reaction requires an energy of +206kJ/mol. endobj Solid oxide fuel cell technology (SOFC) is one of the more promising power generation concepts for a variety of stationary power applications. This is possible due to the partial oxidation of the hydrocarbon that takes place in parallel. H Natural gas, but also methanol, light gasoline, biogas or biomass are primarily used as carbon-containing fuels or energy carriers. H There are many different reformers in industries, and autothermal reformer and steam methane reformer are the most common ones. The Steam Methane Reforming process can be broken down into five distinct steps: 1. Crude oil, gasoline, heating oil, diesel, propane, and other liquids including biofuels and natural gas liquids. (Navarro et al. endobj Side by Side Comparison Steam Reforming vs Autothermal Reforming in Tabular Form, Difference Between Coronavirus and Cold Symptoms, Difference Between Coronavirus and Influenza, Difference Between Coronavirus and Covid 19, Difference Between Alternative Medicine and Conventional Medicine, What is the Difference Between Gingelly Oil and Sesame Oil, Difference Between Subsistence Farming and Intensive Farming, What is the Difference Between Syphilis and Chancroid, What is the Difference Between Open and Closed Mitosis, What is the Difference Between Typical and Atypical Trigeminal Neuralgia, What is the Difference Between Menactra and Menveo, What is the Difference Between Soft Skills and Technical Skills, What is the Difference Between Idiopathic Hypersomnia and Narcolepsy. '8Ul|@0,}6Xi#ZdsfjN |=E]B]fll;oVk\mi}u yRZyy?KNy){d#y^NJ"j5hKY8o 50 0 obj <>/OCGs[61 0 R]>>/Type/Catalog/PageLabels 44 0 R>> endobj 47 0 obj <>stream Steam reforming is currently probably the most common large-scale industrial process for the production of hydrogen from carbonaceous resources such as natural gas and biomass. Future efforts in novel SRM system for value added products is intriguing. Lesson plans, science fair experiments, field trips, teacher guide, and career corner. FcF Most methods work by exposing methane to a catalyst (usually nickel) at high temperature and pressure. The use of alternative fuels promises lower emissions in steam reforming. endobj [2], Chemical looping reforming and gasification, AIA: Software Analyzes Cost of Hydrogen Production Archives ASSEMBLY, Harvest Energy Technology, Inc. an Air Products and Chemicals Incorporated company, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Methane_reformer&oldid=1089761406, This page was last edited on 25 May 2022, at 14:13. (Garcia 2015, p. 92 et seq. 2 Literature Review Extensive usage of fossil fuel results in the increased amount of greenhouse gases and other air pollutants, this . Download Citation | On Feb 1, 2023, Sirui Tong and others published A Numerical Study on Turquoise Hydrogen Production by Catalytic Decomposition of Methane | Find, read and cite all the research . Financial market analysis and financial data for major energy companies. xxSEv%+$&)SJ3. 2 Figure 01: Hydrogen Production via Steam Reforming Method. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. scheme of the reaction of steam reforming of methane is shown below. 8 0 obj In addition, purification is very costly and offsets the emission advantage of biohydrogen. Abstract Microsoft Word - _HP.4a_Naterer.doc Flared gas and vented volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are known problems in the offshore industry and in the on-shore oil and gas industry, since both release greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. H A kilogram of hydrogen obtained from natural gas costs just under two euros. o On a large, commercial scale, the process may be referred to as power-to-gas, where power is electricity and hydrogen is gas. J ), The use of microreactors (= what have been called units), which would make it possible to intensify the process, better manage heat losses and, by creating smaller installations, a decentralized production of hydrogen. ), Sorption-enhanced reforming (= reforming with improved sorption?) PScript5.dll Version 5.2.2 1 Uranium fuel, nuclear reactors, generation, spent fuel. different chemical techniques, each one with advantages and disadvantages with respect to cost/benefit ratio. 2 1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_reforming, 2 https://www.chemie.de/lexikon/Dampfreformierung.html, 3 https://www.chemeurope.com/en/encyclopedia/Steam_reforming.html, 4 https://www.chemeurope.com/en/encyclopedia/Hydrogen_production.html, 5 https://www.enargus.de/pub/bscw.cgi/d2148-2/*/*/Dampfreformierung.html?op=Wiki.getwiki, 6 https://www.faz.net/aktuell/wissen/physik-mehr/wasserstoff-die-energie-der-zukunft-was-kostet-1-kg-wasserstoff-15456713.html, 7 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell, 8 https://www.sfc.com/en/technology/direct-methanol/, 9 https://www.sfc.com/en/technology/hydrogen-technology/, Fuel cells for industrial applicationsefoy-pro.com, Fuel cells for defence & militarysfc-defense.com, Fuel cells for mobile homes, marine applications and leisuremy-efoy.com, Development & production of performance electronicssfc-power.com. The key difference between steam reforming and autothermal reforming is that steam reforming uses the reaction of hydrocarbons with water, whereas autothermal reforming uses oxygen and carbon dioxide or steam in reaction with methane to form syngas. k These cookies do not store any personal information. 2 {\displaystyle [1]\qquad \mathrm {CH} _{4}+\mathrm {H} _{2}\mathrm {O} \rightleftharpoons \mathrm {CO} +3\,\mathrm {H} _{2}\qquad \Delta H_{SR}=206\ \mathrm {kJ/mol} }. 5, Already around 70 percent of the hydrogen produced worldwide comes from steam reforming. l Ortiz A.L. 2 In this process, the water vapor required for the reaction can be added from the outside or can come from the respective feedstock itself. (Navarro et al. endstream endobj 64 0 obj <>/Encoding<>>>>> endobj 46 0 obj <> endobj 44 0 obj <> endobj 45 0 obj <> endobj 61 0 obj <>>>/Name(Headers/Footers)/Type/OCG>> endobj 51 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>>/Type/Page>> endobj 1 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>>/Type/Page>> endobj 4 0 obj <>/ColorSpace<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>/Pattern<>>>/Type/Page>> endobj 20 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>>/Type/Page>> endobj 27 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>>/Type/Page>> endobj 31 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>>/Type/Page>> endobj 34 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>>/Type/Page>> endobj 208 0 obj <>stream Commonly natural gas is the feedstock. POX produces less hydrogen per unit of the input fuel than steam reforming of the same fuel.[21]. 4 = Probably the major use/advantage of Methane is that it is what we call "Natural Gas," and as such is a MAJOR fuel worldwide! = However, comparing the use of biogas and biomass with that of natural gas, there are several disadvantages compared to the fossil fuel. Menu Close What is Steam Reforming Steam methane reforming is the most commonly used method for producing hydrogen, where natural gas (methane) is converted into carbon dioxide and hydrogen by passing it over a catalyst at high temperatures. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. C Via the water-gas shift reaction (WGSR), additional hydrogen is released by reaction of water with the carbon monoxide generated according to equation [1]: [ 12 0 obj An additional advantage of methanol is that it is easier to activate at low temperatures than other hydrocarbons. C Comprehensive data summaries, comparisons, analysis, and projections integrated across all energy sources. The electricity they generate is produced by combining oxygen with hydrogen as a fuel. O %PDF-1.5 41 The cost of hydrogen from electrolysis is more than three times that amount. % The efciency of the steam reforming process is about 65% to 75%, among the highest of current commercially available production methods. This is because in order to use hydrogen as a fuel, it must first be produced from other fuels or energy sources. "a!h?J,'Se;3WBJ)|s3SD}>;? These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Hydrogen produced from coal may be called brown hydrogen, and hydrogen produced from natural gas or petroleum might be referred to as grey hydrogen. Each of these techniques has advantages and disadvantages which must be considered in choosing a final design. ( 2014, p.9 et seq. With a mind rooted firmly to basic principals of chemistry and passion for ever evolving field of industrial chemistry, she is keenly interested to be a true companion for those who seek knowledge in the subject of chemistry. Side by Side Comparison Steam Reforming vs Autothermal Reforming in Tabular Form A methane reformer is a device based on steam reforming, autothermal reforming or partial oxidation and is a type of chemical synthesis which can produce pure hydrogen gas from methane using a catalyst. HWko__ Just another site. / 4. 2. The gas cools, enters at 350C and leaves at 400-450C. Definition: Steam methane reforming (SMR) is a chemical reaction consisting in extracting dihydrogen from methane using steam at high temperature (700-1000C) at moderate pressures (15-30 bar). (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Copyright 2010-2018 Difference Between. The product is named blue hydrogen when most of the carbon dioxide is captured and stored geologically. The two most common methods for producing hydrogen are steam-methane reforming and electrolysis (splitting water with electricity. Majority of the worlds hydrogen gas is produced through steam reforming of natural gas. Due to the partial oxidation of the hydrocarbon, steam reforming can be carried out autothermally. The advantage of ATR is that the H2:CO can be varied, this is particularly useful for producing certain second generation biofuels, such as DME which requires a 1:1 H2:CO ratio. However, we will add another important reaction to recover a little more dihydrogen using the carbon monoxide obtained previously: the Water-gas shift reaction (= catalytic conversion or vapor conversion of water): CO + H2O = CO2+H2. Commonly natural gas is the feedstock. 1 0 obj Steam reforming is a means of producing hydrogen from a light hydrocarbon using high temperature steam (700-1000C) at moderate pressures (15-30 bars). This is done with the addition of steam at a temperature between 450 and 500 degrees Celsius and a pressure between 25 and 30 bar. For example, the hydrogen produced has a significantly lower degree of purity. To accelerate the reaction, catalysts based on nickel oxide are used, placed in the reformer in the form of a fixed bed. The hydrogen produced by biogas steam reforming way is also referred to as biohydrogen. ] 2015 write between 350 and 420C, but I kept the figure from Garcia 2015), The second unit is called LTS (low temperature shift) and uses a catalyst based on copper, zinc and aluminum. This page was last edited on 9 February 2023, at 15:47. o The reaction is exothermic due to the oxidation. All information on cookies can be found in our data protection declaration, and in the imprint. Steam reforming is the technique of producing syngas through the reaction of hydrocarbons with water. Advantages and disadvantages [ edit] The capital cost of steam reforming plants is prohibitive for small to medium size applications because the technology does not scale down well. Definition: Steam methane reforming (SMR) is a chemical reaction consisting in extracting dihydrogen from methane using steam at high temperature (700-1000C) at moderate pressures (15-30 bar). Summary. Steam reforming is therefore a very important process, especially for fuel cell technology. This reaction takes place in a reformer vessel having a high pressure mixture of steam. 2 2 Maps by energy source and topic, includes forecast maps. Read more about this topic: Methane Reformer, If we help an educated mans daughter to go to Cambridge are we not forcing her to think not about education but about war?not how she can learn, but how she can fight in order that she might win the same advantages as her brothers?Virginia Woolf (18821941). <> endobj %PDF-1.4 Greenhouse gas data, voluntary reporting, electric power plant emissions. These are aspects that I will explore later. O 7 0 obj {\displaystyle [2]\qquad \mathrm {CO} +\mathrm {H} _{2}\mathrm {O} \rightleftharpoons \mathrm {CO} _{2}+\mathrm {H} _{2}\qquad \Delta H_{WGSR}=-41\ \mathrm {kJ/mol} }. In new vehicles we have today that is used to burn hydrogen,billions of natural gas (Methane)will be steam cracked into hydrogen for use as motor vehicle fuel. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. The capital cost of steam reforming plants is considered prohibitive for small to medium size applications. ] 206 + The first, at high temperature, is called HTS for high temperature shift with a catalyst in general Fe2O3-Cr2O3. The oxygen contained in the steam causes oxidation of the fuel, resulting in hydrogen (H2). Inside the tubes, a mixture of steam and methane are put into contact with a nickel catalyst. These substances are then catalyzed to form hydrogen. endobj EIA's free and open data available as API, Excel add-in, bulk files, and widgets. Steam reforming is applied in large-scale industrial contexts to produce hydrogen for example, for use in petroleum refineries. endobj This device uses two main reactions: steam reforming, autothermal reforming or partial oxidation. endobj Assuming that there are only these reactions and that they are complete, 4 molecules of H2 are created at the same time as 1 of CO2. @media (max-width: 1171px) { .sidead300 { margin-left: -20px; } } <> R However, comparing the use of biogas and biomass with that of natural gas, there are several disadvantages compared to the fossil fuel. . [23], Reforming for combustion engines is based on steam reforming, where non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) of low quality gases are converted to synthesis gas (H2 + CO) and finally to methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen (H2) - thereby improving the fuel gas quality (methane number). = The carbon oxides are removed before use by means of pressure swing adsorption (PSA) with molecular sieves for the final purification. O O . Steam reforming Advantages: industrially mature, no oxygen needed, lowest process operation temperature Disadvantage: large volume of air emissions Autothermal reforming Advantage: low methane slip It seems that there are other chemical reactions that can take place. U.S. In the three types of fuel reforming technologies, namely steam, partial oxidation, auto-thermal reforming, steam reforming has the advantages of low reaction temperature, low CO content and high H 2 content in the products and that is very favorable for mobile applications such as Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel . Hydrogen produced with nuclear energy may be called pink hydrogen or clean hydrogen, U.S. Energy Information Administration, 1000 Independence Ave., SW, Washington, DC 20585, Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS), Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS). International energy information, including overviews, rankings, data, and analyses. 13 0 obj %PDF-1.5 matt nash duke / is sublimation of dry ice spontaneous / advantages and disadvantages of steam methane reforming. 1 min read; Jun 05, 2022; Bagikan : how to import video to hyperlapse . The product of the reforming of natural gas, regardless of the process used for its realization, is a mixture of gases known . Where do hydrocarbon gas liquids come from? [14] The energy consumption has been reduced from 100 GJ/tonne of ammonia in 1920 to 27 GJ by 2019. Electrolysis itself does not produce any byproducts or emissions other than hydrogen and oxygen. having their own advantages and disadvantages. O What are the advantages of steam reforming? Steam reforming of methane (SRM) makes valuable use of abundant natural gas efficiently. endobj The capital cost of steam reforming plants is prohibitive for small to medium size applications because the technology does not scale down well. [12], The United States produces 910 million tons of hydrogen per year, mostly with steam reforming of natural gas. advantages and disadvantages of steam methane reformingray florets and disc florets are present in endobj %PDF-1.4 % We will see the chemical reaction itself, then its practical dimensions. The disadvantages include the need to clean the flue gases, that is, remove SO 2, O 2, as well as dust and hydrocarbons, because the presence of these substances can interfere with the operation of the absorber column [86]. Conventional steam reforming plants operate at pressures between 200 and 600 psi (1440 bar) with outlet temperatures in the range of 815 to 925C. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. 2. <> SRM is attractive for global warming mitigation and green energy (H Advanced SRM technologies with hybrid processes have shown great promise. Reserves, production, prices, employment and productivity, distribution, stocks, imports and exports. uuid:b975d111-e89c-4425-8503-731ec5daef0b R 3 4. Some additional reactions occurring within steam reforming processes have been studied. Conceivable sources of external heat include concentrated solar thermal energy, high-temperature nuclear reactors, or waste heat from internal combustion engines. !o.@BN'a)mM`w.`0N]}K~-F% (#\K4 #8eiYGku]-W0]u{#Z(wX!>#;$@-B%{p5R";&;jf:b. Tri-reforming of methane (TRM) is nowadays of great interest, because it combines the steam and dry reforming and partial oxidation of methane (CH 4 + O 2 + CO 2 + H 2 O) processes; however, it holds the main advantages and disadvantages of all processes, to some extent . D 3 These reactors consist of an array of long and narrow tubes[10] which are situated within the combustion chamber of a large industrial furnace, providing the necessary energy to keep the reactor at a constant temperature during operation. Reactions that are taking place in the reformer are as follows: 2CH4 + O2 + CO2 3H2 + 3CO + H2O. 4 0 obj <> Exploration and reserves, storage, imports and exports, production, prices, sales. Estimates are generally that, in total, producing 1kg of H2 by steam methane reforming releases 8-10kg of CO2. We can denote the term autothermal reforming as ATR. The disadvantage is the increased heat load resulting from the large endothermic reaction and the continuous supply of heat to the reaction. The reaction is strongly endothermic (HSR = 206 kJ/mol). Tools to customize searches, view specific data sets, study detailed documentation, and access time-series data. 6, What about the use of renewable resources in steam reforming? But if we are using steam instead of carbon dioxide, then product mixture would be in the ratio of hydrogen gas: carbon monoxide as 2.5: 1. 7, EFOY fuel cells are based on direct methanol fuel cell technology. Hydrogen produced by steam reforming is termed 'grey hydrogen' when the waste carbon monoxide is released to the atmosphere and 'blue hydrogen' when the carbon monoxide is (mostly) captured and stored geologically - see carbon capture and storage. The attractive features of the SOFC are its. \II;)by93svuw*YsWonT\_{#%/VSb.Vk_.}Ri4s[|X/>|Sb;='H [20], Partial oxidation (POX) occurs when a sub-stoichiometric fuel-air mixture is partially combusted in a reformer creating hydrogen-rich syngas. A notable design is the Foster-Wheeler terrace wall reformer. C stream + 2 2010-05-05T17:24:31+02:00 (2016), Progress on sorption-enhanced reaction process for hydrogen production, Reviews in Chemical Engineering Volume 32 Issue 3, 2016. 2 l More expensive processes lag behind: For example, the share of hydrogen produced by electrolysis is only about five percent. R The reformer the fuel-cell system is still being researched but in the near term, systems would continue to run on existing fuels, such as natural gas or gasoline or diesel. 11 0 obj Some advantages . m application/pdf 4 The purpose of this reforming reaction is the production of pure hydrogen gas. H It is often supported by a catalyst or the required heat is generated by the combustion of the fuel. The reaction takes place in a single chamber where the methane is partially oxidized.

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