why did the zhou dynasty last so long

For example, in 771 BCE, King You [yo] was attacked by the allied forces of the lord of Shen and tribal peoples residing out west. A series of states rose to prominence before each falling in turn, and Zhou was a minor player in most of these conflicts. But it was his son King Wu (Martial King) who brought down the Shang Dynasty. Heaven has given birth to the virtue that is in me. 1 (7.22) Interpreters of Confucius have rightly noted that he is quite silent about the supernatural and what happens after death, rather emphasizing the life we have and serving others. Zhou dynasty, Wade-Giles romanization Chou, dynasty that ruled ancient China for some eight centuries, establishing the distinctive political and cultural characteristics that were to be identified with China for the next two millennia. 3: China and East Asia to the Ming Dynasty, { "3.01:_(Module_5)_3.10-_The_Yuan_Dynasty" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "3.02:_(Module_5)_3.7-_The_Period_of_Division_220-589CE" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "3.03:_(Module_5)_3.8-_The_Tang_Dynasty_and_the_Emergence_of_East_Asia" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "3.04:_(Module_5)_3.9-_The_Song_Dynasty" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "3.05:_Chronology_of_China_and_East_Asia_to_the_Ming_Dynasty" : "property get 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\newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), 3.7: China from Neolithic Village Settlements to the Shang Kingdom, 3.9: The Qin Dynasty and the Transition from Ancient to Imperial China, University System of Georgia via GALILEO Open Learning Materials, 3.4.1: The Western Zhou Dynasty (1046 771 BCE), 3.4.2: The Eastern Zhou Dynasty (770 256 BCE) and the Warring States Period (c. 475 221 BCE), 3.4.3: Philosophy in a Time of Turmoil: Confucianism and Daoism, 3.4.3.2: Philosophical and Institutional Daoism, http://brandonqindynasty.weebly.com/9/8580061.jpeg, status page at https://status.libretexts.org. In return, the ruler was duty-bound to uphold heaven's principles of harmony and honor. During the turmoil of the Warring States period, other individuals developed a philosophy very different from Confucianism called Daoism. A truly noble person is one who puts what is right before personal gain and the desire for wealth and fame. [27][28][f] According to the historian Li Feng, the term "Rong" during the Western Zhou period was likely used to designate political and military adversaries rather than cultural and ethnic "others". Confucianism and Daoism were both responses to the crisis presented by the breakdown of the Zhou feudal order and escalating warfare in China. Rather than give those posts to kinsmen, kings appointed men from the lower ranks of the nobility or commoners based on their loyalty and merit. Zhou Dynasty Timeline. [39], Zhou legitimacy also arose indirectly from Shang material culture through the use of bronze ritual vessels, statues, ornaments, and weapons. Rather, the mind must be emptied out, calmed, and purified, until desires are absent and a primordial, natural condition is restored. K.E. The first two had their origins in the later centuries of the Eastern Zhou, while Buddhism only began to arrive from South Asia in the first century C.E. Chariot-riding kinsmen and a few thousand foot soldiers no longer met that requirement. In matters of inheritance, the Zhou dynasty recognized only patrilineal primogeniture as legal. With the decline of the feudal kings power, de facto power fluctuated among various of the feudal chiefs as they were able to make themselves overlords. The period before 771 bce is usually known as the Xi (Western) Zhou dynasty, and that from 770 is known as the Dong (Eastern) Zhou dynasty. Relocated to Luoyang, King Ping ruled from a much smaller royal domain surrounded by approximately 150 feudal states and their lords. [51] Other possible cultural influences resulting from Indo-European contact in this period may include fighting styles, head-and-hooves burials, art motifs and myths. ), the ruling house of Zhou exercised a certain degree of "imperial" power over most of central China. Attending lords cemented their agreements by swearing oaths and drinking the blood of sacrificed animals. The most recent findings have placed the outright start of the dynasty at 1046 bce. The Dao is mysterious: it is beyond sense perception and yet the source of life and the universe, the ultimate truth transcending the polarities that make up life and yet pervades them, empty and yet the mother of all things. Han dynasty, Wade-Giles romanization Han, the second great imperial dynasty of China (206 bce-220 ce), after the Zhou dynasty (1046-256 bce). All warfare is deception, Master Sun states. In 1046 BCE, a Zhou king overthrew the last Shang ruler and established control over much of north China. [12] Ju's son Liu,[13] however, led his people to prosperity by restoring agriculture and settling them at a place called Bin,[c] which his descendants ruled for generations. Having lasted 789 years, the Zhou dynasty was the longest dynastic regime in Chinese history. 3. By the end of this period, largely owing to the demands of warfare, the Zhou feudal order had been supplanted by a small number of powerful territorial states with centralized monarchies. Stated more simply, Warring States Period rulers created administrative units and a civil service. The Dao is mysterious: it is beyond sense-perception and yet the source of life and the universe, the ultimate truth transcending the polarities that make up life and yet pervades them, empty and yet the mother of all things. After he died, they passed on his teachings, and a school of thought emerged from his teachings known as Confucianism. These texts explained how the natural world originated from a primordial ether (qi) and its division into two polar forces: the yin and yang (see Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\)). [39] In this way, the Zhou sky god legitimized regime change. The system, also called "extensive stratified patrilineage", was defined by the anthropologist Kwang-chih Chang as "characterized by the fact that the eldest son of each generation formed the main of line descent and political authority, whereas the younger brothers were moved out to establish new lineages of lesser authority. Since rulers claimed that their authority came from heaven, the Zhou made great efforts to gain accurate knowledge of the stars and to perfect the astronomical system on which they based their calendar. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. Being appointed, they could move from one state to another. At their royal palaces, Zhou kings conducted ceremonies of investiture during which they sacrificed to Heaven and the spirits of deceased ancestors, held banquets, and then bestowed noble titles and grants of land upon members of the royal family and relatives by marriage. Should a young man learn to be respectful and reverent towards parents and elders, he will become a humane person, and humane people are far more likely to contribute in a positive way to society. The Mandate determines whether an emperor of China is sufficiently virtuous to rule. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. Western Zhou dynasty replaces the Shang Dynasty in China. Chinese dynasty lasting from c.1046 to 256 BC, For other dynasties with the same name, see, Population concentration and boundaries of the Western Zhou dynasty (1050771 BC) in China, Mandate of Heaven and the justification of power, The exact location of Bin remains obscure, but it may have been close to, Sima Qian was only able to establish historical dates after the time of the, '"Major Hymns - Decade of the Birth of Our People -, Shaughnessy, E. L. (1999) "Western Zhou History" in Loewe, M. Search Results. 3. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Zhou-dynasty, World History Encyclopedia - Zhou Dynasty, Ancient Origins - The Zhou Dynasty: The Longest-Lasting Dynasty in Chinese History, Social Science LibreTexts Library - The Long Zhou Dynasty (1046- 256 BCE), Zhou dynasty - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). The noble person is concerned with rightness, the small person is concerned with profit. (4.16) Confucius redefined the meaning of nobility. The capital was moved eastward to Wangcheng,[1] marking the end of the "Western Zhou" (, pX Zhu) and the beginning of the "Eastern Zhou" dynasty (, pDng Zhu). This period, in the second half of the Eastern Zhou, lasted from about 475-221 BCE, when China was united under the Qin Dynasty. Historians call this method of governing Zhou kinship feudalism. That involved not only teaching individual techniques for preserving the life spirit, but included the use of exorcism and faith healing to remove malevolent influences. The magistrates job would be to register the population, maintain law and order, collect tax revenue, and conscript people for labor projects and military campaigns. They did so . The glue that held the Zhou feudal order together was deference to the king and his Mandate and reverence for their shared historyincluding, most importantly, the deceased spirits of their related ancestors. The greatest Chinese philosophers, those who made the greatest impact on later generations of Chinese, were Confucius, founder of Confucianism, and Laozi, founder of Taoism. King Wu then returned to his capital in the Wei River Valley, where he passed away in 1043 BCE. There were two principal reasons for this. [51], The Zhou army also included "Barbarian" troops such as the Di people. When did they finish building the Great Wall of China? 5. Prior to the Warring States Period, Zhou kings were still accorded a level of respect, at least as symbols of unity and nominal heads of the Zhou feudal order. So thoroughly did the Han dynasty establish what was thereafter considered Chinese culture that "Han" became the Chinese word denoting someone who is ethnically Chinese. [citation needed], Agriculture in the Zhou dynasty was very intensive and, in many cases, directed by the government. Should a young man learn to be respectful and reverent towards parents and elders, he will become a humane person, and humane people are far more likely to contribute in a positive way to society. The principal purpose of these Daoists was to attend to a persons physical and psychological well-being. Their embryonic bureaucracies included such features as a system of official posts, salaries paid in grain and gifts, administrative codes, and methods for measuring a servants performance. Consequently, society will become more orderly. Therefore, they devised better ways to control land in their realms. They presented a universe with multiple heavenly and hellish realms populated with divinities and demons. They killed the Zhou king and took control of the whole Wei River Valley. In later generations, lords simply became more interested in and identified with their own territories, and they had little sense of solidarity with what were at best distant cousins ruling neighboring feudal states. King Hui of Zhou married a princess of the Red Di as a sign of appreciation for the importance of the Di troops. 1046 BCE - 771 BCE. Indeed, Zhou kings granted land and noble titles to kinsmen in exchange for obedience, periodic visits to the kings palace, tribute, and military support. Any ruler who failed in this duty, who let instability creep into earthly affairs, or who let his people suffer, would lose the mandate. Contribute to chinapedia/wikipedia.en development by creating an account on GitHub. This move marked the beginning of the Eastern Zhou (770 256 BCE). From there, these illustrious lineages governed a predominantly rural population of farmers living in villages where life was not easy. Taibo and Zhongyong had supposedly already fled to the Yangtze delta, where they established the state of Wu among the tribes there. This way, the government was able to store surplus food and distribute it in times of famine or bad harvest. That involved not only teaching individual techniques for preserving the life spirit, but also the use of exorcism and faith healing to remove malevolent influences. The ancient god or divine force known as Heaven or Sky had selected this particular individual to rule on its behalf on earth. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. The Zhou Dynasty era consisted of three periods: Western Zhou (1046-771 BC), the Spring and Autumn Period (770-476 BC), and the Warring States Period. In the early 1600s, dynastic struggle quickly tore Russia apart, soon joined by famine and invasion, earning the name the Time of Troubles. Tai later led the clan from Bin to Zhou, an area in the Wei River valley of modern-day Qishan County. Those who belonged to it are Confuciansindividuals distinguished by their commitment to the ideas articulated by Confucius, classical learning, and the value they place on character and conduct as the key to a good society and political order. [d] The Zhou enfeoffed a member of the defeated Shang royal family as the Duke of Song, which was held by descendants of the Shang royal family until its end. A person of humanity is, for instance, one who is capable of empathy and unselfish concern for the welfare of others. [2], China's first projects of hydraulic engineering were initiated during the Zhou dynasty, ultimately as a means to aid agricultural irrigation. Ebrey defines the descent-line system as follows: "A great line (ta-tsung) is the line of eldest sons continuing indefinitely from a founding ancestor. He believed that Heaven ordains a certain course of life for each individual, including becoming a moral person. According to one passage, a lord once asked one of Confuciuss students about his master, but the student fell silent. Ji Zhao, a son of King Nan, led a resistance against Qin for five years. Noble lords loved to demonstrate their prowess and raise their prestige through success in hunting and battling. Qin's unification of China concluded in 221 BC with Qin Shihuang's annexation of Qi. His and his successors power was, however, much reduced. In 1046 BCE, the Shang Dynasty was overthrown at the Battle of Muye, and the Zhou Dynasty was established. But they fought even more fiercely. (ed. Even he did not dare to take the ultimate move released by the Wu Ji patriarch head-on, let alone Gu Mingzhou. The final battles were said to have been extremely bloody, and Shang survivors may well have served as Chinese culture bearers to places as far removed as Korea. These lords dukes, marquis, earls, and baronsthen took their families, contingents of soldiers, and emblems of nobility to the granted territory and set up palaces and ancestral temples in walled towns. In 771 BCE, in what became a telling sign of weakness, the Zhou king was murdered and his young successor was compelled to relocate farther east, to a capital closer to the heart of the North China Plain. But they fought even more fiercely. [57], In traditional Chinese astrology, Zhou is represented by two stars, Eta Capricorni (; Zhu y; 'the First Star of Zhou') and 21 Capricorni (; Zhu r; 'the Second Star of Zhou'), in "Twelve States" asterism. The state theology of the Zhou dynasty used concepts from the Shang dynasty and mostly referred to the Shang god, Di, as Tian, a more distant and unknowable concept, yet one that anyone could utilize, the opposite view of the Shang's spirituality. All warfare is deception, Master Sun states. Rather, they pointed to a natural condition that both individuals and society can recover, one that existed before desires trapped people in a world of strife. They were in constant wars with barbarians on behalf of the fiefs called guo, which at that time meant "statelet" or "principality". Even though they garnered the support of independent-minded nobles, Shang partisans, and several Dongyi tribes, the Duke of Zhou quelled the rebellion, and further expanded the Zhou Kingdom into the east.

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