specific heat of benzene

Only emails and answers are saved in our archive. [23][24] Gradually, the sense developed among chemists that a number of substances were chemically related to benzene, comprising a diverse chemical family. [all data], Prosen, Johnson, et al., 1946 Specific Heat Search. [96], The paradigm of toxicological assessment of benzene is shifting towards the domain of molecular toxicology as it allows understanding of fundamental biological mechanisms in a better way. Kurbatov, V.Ya., specific heat liquid = 1.740 J/g C A 27.00 g sample of liquid benzene is initially at 41.30 C. [25] In 1997, benzene was detected in deep space.[26]. Monatsh. K) ..g (K) | 1 mol All you need to do is convert the grams to moles. Zhur. Mitt. 80.0C Boiling Point Melting Point Heat of Vaporization: Heat of Fusion 10.0C 10.0 kJ/mol 30.0 kJ/mol 100.0 J/mol K 90.0 J/mol K 70.0 J/mol K heat capacity . J. Benzene is hepatically metabolized and excreted in the urine. These genes may be targets for genetic screening for susceptibility to benzene toxicity. [106], The Nazis used benzene administered via injection as one of their many methods for killing. MSDS for benzene is available at AMOCO. Benzene: Patient information sheet, "Drinking Water Contaminants | Organic Chemicals | Benzene", "Benzene Toxicity: Standards and Regulations", "Documentation for Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH): Introduction", "Blood concentrations of volatile organic compounds in a nonoccupationally exposed US population and in groups with suspected exposure", "100 tonnes of pollutants spilled into Chinese river", "Drinking water contamination from the thermal degradation of plastics: Implications for wildfire and structure fire response", "A Former Nazi Labor Camp in Austria, Now Billed as a Tourist Site", Dept. [97] Benzene causes chromosomal aberrations in the peripheral blood leukocytes and bone marrow explaining the higher incidence of leukemia and multiple myeloma caused by chronic exposure. The idea is used in fireworks to produce the colour. Soc., 1925, 47, 1490-1503. [66], Toluene is now often used as a substitute for benzene, for instance as a fuel additive. Physik [3], 1881, 13, 447-464. [all data], Tanaka, 1982 Enthalpies of combustion of toluene, benzene, cyclohexane, cyclohexene, methylcyclopentane, 1-methylcyclopentene, and n-hexane, Please read AddThis Privacy for more information. Kekul's 1872 modification of his 1865 theory, illustrating rapid alternation of double bonds[note 1], In 1845, Charles Blachford Mansfield, working under August Wilhelm von Hofmann, isolated benzene from coal tar. Molar heat capacities of binary liquid mixtures: 1,2-dichloroethane + benzene, + toluene, and + p-xylene, Derivatives of benzene occur sufficiently often as a component of organic molecules, so much so that the Unicode Consortium has allocated a symbol in the Miscellaneous Technical block with the code U+232C () to represent it with three double bonds,[62] and U+23E3 () for a delocalized version.[63]. Engineering ToolBox - Resources, Tools and Basic Information for Engineering and Design of Technical Applications! Toluene hydrodealkylation converts toluene to benzene. ; Tupman, W.I. Table data obtained from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 44th ed. Am. M1: benzene (120 . [all data], de Kolossowsky and Udowenko, 1933 Measurement of air and water levels of benzene is accomplished through collection via activated charcoal tubes, which are then analyzed with a gas chromatograph. ; T = 293 to 323 K. Data calculated from equation. The specific heats of certain organic liquids at elevated temperatures, This page provides supplementary chemical data on benzene. Calorimetry (Lect. [98] Benzene metabolism involves enzymes coded for by polymorphic genes. Faraday Soc., 1956, 52, 753-763. When plastic water pipes are subject to high heat, the water may be contaminated with benzene. Chem., 1965, 96, 669-678. been selected on the basis of sound scientific judgment. Data, 1985, 30, 267-269. Benzene Gas - Specific Heat vs. J. The proportionality constant c is sometimes referred to as the specific heat capacity or (incorrectly) the heat capacity. ; Udovenko, W.W., Six-membered aromatic rings with one carbon replaced by another element: This page was last edited on 15 February 2023, at 05:01. (2007), Last edited on 15 February 2023, at 05:01, United States Environmental Protection Agency, US Department of Health and Human Services, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, an explosion at a China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) factory, Industrial Union Department v. American Petroleum Institute, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Chemical & Engineering Data Series, "Surface tension measurements show that chaotropic salting-in denaturants are not just water-structure breakers", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, "Benzene - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics", "On new compounds of carbon and hydrogen, and on certain other products obtained during the decomposition of oil by heat", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, "ber das Benzol und die Suren der Oel- und Talgarten", Reports of the Proceedings of the Scientific Society of Freiburg, "On the oxidation of phenyl alcohol, and a mechanical arrangement adapted to illustrate structure in the non-saturated hydrocarbons", Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, "Sur la constitution des substances aromatiques", "Ueber einige Condensationsproducte des Aldehyds", "An explanation of the laws which govern substitution in the case of benzenoid compounds", "Crocker, Not Armit and Robinson, Begat the Six Aromatic Electrons". . The Cl , Br and CN nucleophiles can easily be introduced in the benzene ring of benzene diazonium salt in the presence of Cu(I) ion. Engineering ToolBox - Resources, Tools and Basic Information for Engineering and Design of Technical Applications! ; Constant pressure heat capacity of liquid, Entropy of solid at standard conditions (1 bar), Enthalpy of combustion of liquid at standard conditions, Enthalpy of formation of liquid at standard conditions. Keep away from heat and sources of ignition. Benzene targets the liver, kidney, lung, heart and brain and can cause DNA strand breaks and chromosomal damage. ; El-Sharkawy, A.A.; Gasser, F.A., with specific heat c = cal/gmC = joule/gmC, initial temperature T i = C = K = F. Am. [all data], Deshpande and Bhatagadde, 1971 [all data], Tanaka, 1987 Thus, a double bond would exist with one neighbor during the first interval and with the other neighbor during the next interval. Hence the specific heat of benzene = 1716.475 J/kg.C. Sci., 1969, 38, 510-511. Tohoku Imp. specific content of the mark scheme or generic level descriptors for a question. Phosgene. Hence it floats onwater. ; Nagano, Y., Tschamler, H., In the 19th and early 20th centuries, benzene was used as an after-shave lotion because of its pleasant smell. In industrybenzeneis used as a solvent, as a chemical intermediate, and is used in the synthesis of numerous chemicals. ; Grigoriev, V.A. In bacteria, dioxygenase enzyme can add an oxygen to the ring, and the unstable product is immediately reduced (by NADH) to a cyclic diol with two double bonds, breaking the aromaticity. Risk of ignition. [all data], Recko, 1968 J. Thermophysics, 1982, 3, 1-15. [20] In 1836, the French chemist Auguste Laurent named the substance "phne";[21] this word has become the root of the English word "phenol", which is hydroxylated benzene, and "phenyl", the radical formed by abstraction of a hydrogen atom (free radical H) from benzene. Please read Google Privacy & Terms for more information about how you can control adserving and the information collected. Richards, W.T. Soc., 1925, 47, 1-9. \Delta H of fusion for benzene is 9.87 kJ/mol; specific heat for liquid benzene is 1.63 J/g X degrees). Hydrogenation cannot be stopped to give cyclohexene or cyclohexadienes as these are superior substrates. [all data], Grolier, Roux-Desgranges, et al., 1987 [9], 1919, 11, 253-291. An equimolar liquid mixture of benzene (B) and toluene (T) at 10C is fed continuously to a vessel in which the mixture is heated to 50C. [18][19] In 1833, Eilhard Mitscherlich produced it by distilling benzoic acid (from gum benzoin) and lime. Chem., 1951, 198, 263-269. Most of these metabolites have some value as biomarkers of human exposure, since they accumulate in the urine in proportion to the extent and duration of exposure, and they may still be present for some days after exposure has ceased. I. Thermodynam., 1974, 6, 873-876. Pol. (This estimate assumes no threshold for benzene's carcinogenic effects.) The next year he published a much longer paper in German on the same subject. Data from NIST Standard Reference Database 69: The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Some 20% of the benzene production is used to manufacture cumene, which is needed to produce phenol and acetone for resins and adhesives. [69], In many European languages, the word for petroleum or gasoline is an exact cognate of "benzene". Contact us at contact@myengineeringtools.com 1. Fortier, J.-L.; Benson, G.C., Reddy, K.S., When gasoline burns, the benzene reacts with oxygen. See also the following documents for changes in benzene properties with changes in pressure and temperature: See also more about atmospheric pressure, and STP - Standard Temperature and Pressure & NTP - Normal Temperature and Pressure, as well as Thermophysical properties of: Acetone, Acetylene, Air, Ammonia, Argon, Butane, Carbon dioxide, Carbon monoxide, Ethane, Ethanol, Ethylene, Helium, Hydrogen, Hydrogen sulfide, Methane, Methanol, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Pentane, Propane, Toluene, Water and Heavy water, D2O. Data, 1986, 31, 238-240. [77] The US Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) classifies benzene as a human carcinogen. Studies have shown that genotype at these loci may influence susceptibility to the toxic effects of benzene exposure. Specific heats of some liquids and azeotropic mixtures, There are sufficient high-quality literature values to make a good evaluation with a high degree of confidence. The specific heats of five organic liquids from their adiabatic temperature-pressure coefficients, Roux, M.V. For a given species, see the thermodynamic values below. Some thermodynamice properties of the systems benzene + ethylene dichloride, benzene + carbon tetrachloride, acetone + chloroform, and acetone + carbon disulphide, J. Shiohama, Y.; Ogawa, H.; Murakami, S.; Fujihara, I., +4 A piece of aluminum metal at an initial temperature of 97.3C was placed in a calorimeter containing 49.0g of water at an initial temperature of 22.0C. 10, 1967, No.1, 79-82. Google use cookies for serving our ads and handling visitor statistics. Due to the cyclic continuous pi bonds between the carbon atoms, benzene is classed as an aromatic hydrocarbon. [all data], Andrews, Lynn, et al., 1926 [all data], Prosen, Gilmont, et al., 1945 Through calculating more than thirty parameters, Lonsdale demonstrated that the benzene ring could not be anything but a flat hexagon, and provided accurate distances for all carbon-carbon bonds in the molecule. It is produced by the oxidation of benzene or n-butane in the presence of vanadium oxide catalysts. [100] About 50% of the entire nationwide (United States) exposure to benzene results from smoking tobacco or from exposure to tobacco smoke. Zur Thermodynamik von Mischphasen IX. The thermal analysis clearly ensures the enhancement in case of benzene added water upward spray, and the achieved average heat flux is 1.78 MW m 2. Specific target organ toxicity - single exposure May cause drowsiness and dizziness. ; Wilhelm, E.; Grolier, J.-P.E., Soc., 1932, 54, 2705-2713. Outdoor air may contain low levels of benzene from automobile service stations, wood smoke, tobacco smoke, the transfer of gasoline, exhaust from motor vehicles, and industrial emissions. We don't collect information from our users. Fiock, E.F.; Ginnings, D.C.; Holton, W.B., [all data], Landrieu, Baylocq, et al., 1929 Kalali, H.; Kohler, F.; Svejda, P., Sci. Similar problems were reported by the FDA in the United States.[104]. In catalytic reforming, a mixture of hydrocarbons with boiling points between 60 and 200C is blended with hydrogen gas and then exposed to a bifunctional platinum chloride or rhenium chloride catalyst at 500525C and pressures ranging from 850 atm. Bull. [all data], Duff and Everett, 1956 ), pp. The specific heat transfer area is 109.46 m 2 per (kg/s) of fresh water and the heat transfer area of the distillate preheater is 200 m 2. Aust. When certain compounds are heated, light is emitted because the compounds CONVERT some of the energy from the heating into coloured light of specific colours. National Institutes of Health. CYP2E1 is involved at multiple steps: converting benzene to oxepin (benzene oxide), phenol to hydroquinone, and hydroquinone to both benzenetriol and catechol. Excess volumes and excess heat capacities of 2,3-dimethylbutane + butane and + toluene, Applicability of the DuPont 900 DTA apparatus in quantitative differential thermal analysis, : Dynamic viscosity (Pas). The specific heat capacity of liquid water is 4.18 J/g-K. How many joules of heat are needed to raise the temperature of 5.00 g of water from 25.1C to 65.3C? Thermodynam., 1988, 20, 1183-1189. Specific gravity: 0.87 Principal hazards *** Benzene is a carcinogen (cancer-causing agent). A typical reaction yield exceeds 95%. Wilhelm, E.; Grolier, J.-P.E. Acad. Molar heat capacities and isothermal compressibility of binary liquid mixtures: carbon tetrachloride + benzene, carbon tetrachloride + cyclohexane and benzene + cyclohexane, Expert Answer. It is highly recommended to seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source such as SIRI, and follow its directions. The two were allowed to come to thermal equilibrium and the final temperature was 24.1C. [67], As a gasoline (petrol) additive, benzene increases the octane rating and reduces knocking. Depending on the feedstock used to produce the olefins, steam cracking can produce a benzene-rich liquid by-product called pyrolysis gasoline. Toluene is also processed into benzene. [all data], Vesely, Zabransky, et al., 1979 Trans. The heat capacities of benzene, methyl alcohol and glycerol at very low temperatures, Combustible Gas Leak LEL Natural Gas Detector Methane Benzene Propane Alarm. [88][89] In September 1995, NIOSH issued a new policy for developing recommended exposure limits (RELs) for substances, including carcinogens.

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