names of families that owned slaves in texas

Brazoria County, for example, was 72 percent slave in 1860, while north central Texas, the area from Hunt County west to Jack and Palo Pinto counties and south to McLennan County, had fewer slaves than any other settled part of the state, except for Hispanic areas such as Cameron County. Thomas Love 7 4. Sugar plantations. The Comanche sold any captured enslaved people to the Cherokee and Creek in Indian Territory, as they were both slaveholding tribes. WebLists of Slave owners with names of slaves 781-----Edward, 660 Michael, 735 Adam, Andrew George, 425, 498, 533, 621 Guy, 498 Jack, 729 Lucy, 729 Peter, 533 Sam, 621 In other words, it was an underlying cause of the struggle in 18351836. They had no legally prescribed way to gain freedom. Samuel Edney 1 There was an auction block next to the Menger Hotel and near the Alamo. In 1829, President Vicente Guerrero issued a decree abolishing slavery in all of Mexico, but within months he exempted Texas from that order. Gleaning Information about Enslaved Ancestors from Probate Files NGS Magazine 48 #2 (April-June 2022): 2327. And when they declared independence and wrote a constitution for their new republic, they made every effort, in the words of a later Texas Supreme Court justice, to "remove all doubt and uneasiness among the citizens of Texas in regard to the tenure by which they held dominion over their slaves." Texas 1867 Special Voter's Registration: includes information for 1867 - 1869. It gives the county and location, a description of the house, the number of acres owned, and the number of cabins of former slaves. Many owners wished to appear as benevolent fathers, and yet most knew that there would be times when they would treat members of their families as property pure and simple. Slaves freed in America before the 14th Amendment of the Constitution. Slaves, however, tended to hear the message of individual equality before God and salvation for all. 4 Cotton plantations. The Gregory School Historical collections at The Gregory School include: Access to Houston Public Library databases and indexes Books Pamphlets Periodicals Photographs Oral history recordings Manuscripts Newspapers and clippings Personal family archives and Ephemera documenting Houstons African American History and culture. A survey of Texas in 1834 found that the department of Bexar, which was mostly made up of Tejanos, had exported no goods. The census for 1840 in Henderson County included 4,662 whites, 466 slaves, 35 free blacks. William Fletcher 4 6. Slave auction in Austin, Texas, circa 1850-1860. He tried to create a Republic of Sierra Madre in Northern Mexico but was defeated by the Mexican Army.[41]. [7], Importation of enslaved Africans was not widespread in Spanish Texas. Many owners encouraged worship, primarily on the grounds that it would teach proper subjection and good behavior. For a time, many enslaved ran away to Texas. Slavery spread over the eastern two-fifths of Texas by 1860 but flourished most vigorously along the rivers that provided rich soil and relatively inexpensive transportation. WebThe British newspaper The Guardian reported this week that Democratic presidential candidate, and former Texas Congressman Beto ORourke, and his wife Amy, are Some slaveowners did not free their enslaved people until late in 1865. The number [1] Estevanico accompanied his enslaver Captain Andrs Dorantes de Carranza on the Narvez expedition, which landed at present-day Tampa. %PDF-1.6 % In 1860, the biggest slaveholders were Robert and D.G. American slavery was preeminently an economic institutiona system of unfree labor used to produce cash crops for profit. Instead, place individual profiles into the category corresponding to the county of Texas where they held enslaved persons. Later they were joined by lvar Nez Cabeza de Vaca. Texas State Historical Association (TSHA), Constitution of the State of Coahuila and Texas, http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/17/107.shtml. In rural areas, counties often set up patrols to enforce restrictions on enslaved people traveling without passes from planter owners. For example, slaves worked hard, sometimes at their own pace, and offered many forms of nonviolent resistance if pushed too hard. Blacks, however, could not testify against Whites in court, a prohibition that largely negated their constitutional protection. WebThe U.S. census tracked the growth that followed, reporting 207 enslaved people in 1850 who made up 8% of the countys population and 1,074 enslaved people owned by 228 They often made matches with slaves on neighboring farms and spent as much time as possible together, even if one owner or the other could not be persuaded to arrange for husband and wife to live on the same place. Free blacks also emigrated to Texas. The census of 1850 reported 58,161 slaves, 27.4 percent of the 212,592 people in Texas, and the census of 1860 enumerated 182,566 slaves, 30.2 percent of the total population. Search for "FREEDMEN - TEXAS" in the Subjects search bar to find. This fact is not a tribute to the benevolence of slavery, but a testimony to the human spirit of the enslaved African Americans. FS Library 976.4 D3sl, Garrett-Nelson, LaBrenda. Alfred V. Davis, Concordia, Louisiana: 500+ slaves. A project of the University of Virginia, this database includes a sampling of some of the 2,300+ interviews The last frontier of slavery was by no means closed on the eve of the Civil War. It contains a very significant number of Texas' African-American population. By 1860, that number had increased to 182,566. John Butler of McIntosh, Georgia: 505 slaves. They were not, and even the best-treated slaves dreamed of freedom. Slavery thus linked Texas inextricably with the Old South. They had no property rights themselves and no legal rights of marriage and family. WebTruly giant slaveholders such as Robert and D. G. Mills, who owned more than 300 slaves in 1860 (the largest holding in Texas), had plantations in this area, and the population Slavery certainly promoted development of the agricultural economy; it provided the labor for a 600 percent increase in cotton production during the 1850s. Daina Ramey Berry is a professor of history at the University of Texas at Austin, and says addressing ones lineage of slavery is difficult, but ORourkes response helped bring the issue out into the open. Angelina County, Texas, Slave Owners. American slave owners or slaveholders were owners of slaves in the United States which typically worked either as agriculture laborers or house servants. Few battles took place in Texas, which acted as a supply state to the Confederacy. [citation needed]. The Comanche indiscriminately killed enslaved people and their white owners during raids. [26], The abolition of slavery created tensions between the Mexican government and slave-holding settlers from the United States. hbbd```b``N+$,>D2E6H0Y N `sA$C8t?"A"j`&`sJ'zziHg` ` -q Field hands generally labored "from sun to sun" five days a week and half a day on Saturday. Whites in the area defeated and severely punished them. There is at least one positive outcome that could come from reckoning with slave-owning family members of the past. But his response to me opens up a door for families generations of descendants of slaveholders and descendants of slave people to have open dialogue of this institution.. A small minority (about 6 percent) of the slaves in Texas did not belong to farmers or planters but lived instead in the state's towns, working as domestic servants, day laborers, and mechanics (see SLAVERY, URBAN). Sean M. Kelley, Los Brazos de Dios: A Plantation Society in the Texas Borderlands, 1821- 1865 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2010). In the fall of 1835, a group of almost 100enslaved people staged an uprising along the Brazos River after they heard rumors of approaching Mexican troops. Economically, slave owners had a disproportionately large share of the state's wealth and produced virtually all of the cash crops. Slavery in Waco. Enslaved African Americans had maintained human strength and dignity even in bondage, and Texas could not have grown as it had before 1865 without the slaves' contributions. The African American Library at the Gregory SchoolHouston's first colored public school, located in historic Freedmen's Town, serves as a resource and repository to preserve, promote and celebrate the rich history and culture of African Americans in Houston, the surrounding region and the African Diaspora. By 1840 there were 11,323 enslaved people in Texas. This company was created to assist African American soldiers of the Civil War and freed slaves. The governors feared the growth in the Anglo-American population in Texas, and for various reasons, by the early 19th century, they and their superiors in Mexico City disapproved of expanding slavery. Medical care in antebellum Texas was woefully inadequate for Whites and Blacks alike, but slaves had a harder daily life and were therefore more likely to be injured or develop diseases that doctors could not treat (see HEALTH AND MEDICINE). Elisha Worthington of Chicot, Arkansas: 529 slaves. Voter's registrations are among the few records which document African American males prior to 1870. There were two questionnaires: one for free inhabitants and one for slaves. IMPORTANT PRIVACY NOTICE & DISCLAIMER: YOU HAVE A RESPONSIBILITY TO USE CAUTION WHEN DISTRIBUTING PRIVATE INFORMATION. FS Library976.4F2bjm 1970 Arthur Blake of Charleston, South Carolina: 538 slaves. [8] A 1777 census of San Antonio showed a total of 2,060people, with 151 of African descent. John Burneside of Ascension, Louisiana: 753 slaves; Saint James: 187 slaves. 13, No. Email: info@aamdallas.org WebWhat percentage of Texas families owned slaves? University of Texas (San Antonio). Texans worried constantly that the Mexicans were going to free their slaves or at least cause servile insurrection. ILester G. BugbeePolitical Science QuarterlyVol. Planters, for example, being generally satisfied with their lives as slaveholders, were largely unwilling to involve themselves in commerce and industry, even if there was a chance for greater profits. Even as Austins colonists began to establish slavery on the lower Brazos and Colorado rivers, the independence of Mexico cast doubt on the future of the institution in Texas. On the other hand, the legislature created political segregation; it classified free residents with at least 1/8 African heritage (the equivalent to one great-grandparent) as a separate category, and abrogated their citizens' rights, prohibiting them from voting, owning property, testifying against whites in court, or intermarrying with whites. Others hated their masters and their situation and rebelled by running away or using violence. [41] See Underground Railroad South to Mexico. Slavery, Section 9 of Constitution of the Republic of Texas read in part as follows: All persons of color who were slaves for life previous to their emigration to Texas, and who are now held in bondage, shall remain in the like state of servitude Congress shall pass no laws to prohibit emigrants from bringing their slaves into the republic with them, and holding them by the same tenure by which such slaves were held in the United States; nor shall congress have the power to emancipate slaves; nor shall any slave holder be allowed to emancipate his or her slave without the consent of congress, unless he or she shall send his or her slave or slaves without the limits of the republic. Although Estevanico was still enslaved, after these events the Spaniards treated him more as an equal. Although Mexican governments did not adopt any consistent or effective policy to prevent slavery in Texas, their threats worried slaveholders and possibly retarded the immigration of planters from the Old South. The slavery categories exist to help with tracking the genealogy and family history of pre-Civil War era slaves. Free persons of African descent were required to petition the. Many slave families, however, were disrupted. Due to the state laws, he would receive half of the price he had paid. The news organization used documents from Ancestry.com to confirm the connection. R. R. Barrow, Lafourche, Louisiana: 74 slaves; Terrebonne: 399 slaves. We need your support because we are a non-profit organization that relies upon contributions from our community in order to record and preserve the history of our state. Berry says McConnells refusal to acknowledge his history was interesting. She says the senators family history may have come to light because of his opposition to legislation related to reparations for descendants of enslaved people. Dallas, TX Slavery was present in Spanish America and Mexico prior to the arrival of American settlers, but it was not highly developed, and the Spanish did not rely on it for labor during their years in Spanish Texas. The slave population of Texas from 1850 to 1860 increased from 58,161 to 182,566, bringing the slave population from 27 percent to 30 percent of the state total. Slavery may have thus hindered economic modernization in Texas. Thus, slavery was not the immediate cause of the revolution, but the institution was always there as an issue, and the revolution made it more secure than ever in Texas. "[citation needed], As the Texas Revolution began in 1835, some enslaved people sided with Mexico, which provided for freedom. After slavery, African Americans went on to establish towns in Texas. Sugar. One way or another they had to endure. [50], Slavery was officially abolished by the Thirteenth Amendment which took effect on December 18, 1865. 389-412)Page Count: 24, Texas Runaway Slave Project. Some enslaved people became ministers, but their masters often tried to instruct them in what they were supposed to preach. [35] Enslaved people often lived similarly to poor whites in Texas, especially those new to the territory and just getting started. [54] The drop in proportion of population reflected greatly-increased European immigration to the state in the 19th century, as well as population growth. Slave owners had broad powers of discipline subject only to constitutional provisions that slaves be treated "with humanity" and that punishment not extend to the taking of life and limb. Sources Taken from Szucs, Loretto Dennis, "Research in Census Records." The number of enslaved people in the state increased dramatically as the Union Army occupied parts of Arkansas and Louisiana. See the Heritage Exchange Portal for more information on how to document slaves and slave owners. 553 0 obj <>stream [24] Fifty percent of the enslaved people worked either alone or in groups of fewer than 20 on small farms ranging from the Nueces River to the Red River, and from the Louisiana border to the edge of the western settlements of San Antonio, Austin, Waco, and Fort Worth. Residents of Texas, 1782-1836. After statehood, in antebellum Texas, slavery grew even more rapidly. With reparations legislation on the table, Berry says conversations about slavery in history is fundamental. While settled chiefly by Anglo-Southerners after the war; with the history of ranching, some of these parts have been more associated with the Southwest than the South. The first census in Austin's colony in 1825 showed 443 slaves in a total population of 1,800. Most slaves, however, supplemented their basic diet with sweet potatoes, garden vegetables, wild game, and fish and were thus adequately fed. Shortly before 1858 he moved from Mississippi to Texas with his wife, Mary, and five children. [33], Although most enslaved people lived in rural areas, more than 1000 resided in both Galveston and Houston by 1860, with several hundred in other large towns. Dallas, Texas 75225-0446 Free and runaway blacks had great difficulty finding jobs in Texas. Levin R. Marshall, Concordia (2), Louisiana: 248 slaves. P Denwood was a Quaker and in early days often was in trouble with the court as he was suspected of harboring Quakers on their way up to Maryland. Levi Anderson 1 13. If they died, the boss did not suffer a monetary loss. [24], In 1845 the state legislature passed legislation further restricting the rights of free blacks. Texas slaves had a family-centered social life and culture that flourished in the slave quarters, where slaves were largely on their own, at least from sundown to sunup. I think [the conversation] happens in a number of spaces, Berry says. Theirs was apparently a favored position, at least in this regard. WebJoseph Marryat (17571824), owned slaves in Grenada, Trinidad, St. Lucia, and Jamaica. Disputes over slavery did not constitute an immediate cause of the Texas Revolution, but the institution was always in the background as what the noted Texas historian Eugene C. Barker called a "dull, organic ache." On June 25, 2013, the U.S. Supreme Court struck down Section 4(b) of the Voting Rights Act as unconstitutional,[55] a ruling which was shortly followed the implementation of Voter i.d. If you wish to use copyrighted material from this site for purposes of your own that go beyond fair use, you must obtain permission from the copyright owner. Moreover, once the revolution came, slavery was very much on the minds of those involved. 0 The white primary was another way to exclude African Americans from making electoral decisions, and it was not overturned by the Supreme Court until 1944 in Smith v. Allwright. WebLand Records Names & Surnames Slavery & Servitude Claim Listing Sankofagen Wiki run by Karmella Haynes has a list of Arkansas Plantations and Slave Names listed by county, for counties formed prior to 1865. Charles Heyward of Colleton, South Carolina: 491 slaves. This is a mid-level category and should not have individual profiles added to it. [34], Plantation enslaved people generally lived in one or two-room log cabins. CONTENT MAY BE COPYRIGHTED BY WIKITREE COMMUNITY MEMBERS. The men sold enslaved people to James Bowie and others, who brought them directly to a customhouse and informed on themselves. [10], In 1823, Mexico forbade the sale or purchase of people, and required that the children of the enslaved be freed when they reached age fourteen. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. WebUnited States Census (Slave Schedule), 1850 Name index and images of slave schedules listing slave owners and only age, gender and color data of the slaves in cesus states or [42] Two years later, Colorado County hanged several enslaved people and drove one white man and several Mexicans from the area after uncovering a plot to equip 200enslaved people with pistols and knives to escape into Mexico. Early books sometimes contained the name of the former master or mistress and the name of the plantation. A. Anderson County, Texas, Slave Owners. [10], When the United States purchased Louisiana in 1803, Spain declared that any enslaved person who crossed the Sabine River into Texas would be automatically freed. Dallas Genealogical Society Slaveholders in those areas often moved their enslaved to Texas to avoid having them freed. Sugar. Sam Houston made illegal importation from Mexico a crime in 1836. It replaced the pro-Union governor, Sam Houston, in the process. This was 15 percent of the total 2,992 people living in Spanish Texas. I think thats what was interesting about his response, is that he didnt acknowledge that there was a history there, and that was brought out, and we know a lot more about his family history and about the enslaved people his family owned, Berry says. [9] When some French and Spanish slaveholders moved to Texas, they were allowed to retain their enslaved people. In 1900, African Americans comprised 20% of the state's population of 3,048,710. A Special Interest Group (SIG) of the Dallas Genealogical Society In 1860, mass hysteria ensued after a series of fires erupted throughout the state. By 1865 there were an estimated 250,000enslaved people in Texas. WebTexas Slave Codes 1821. Slaves increased their minimal self-determination by taking what they could get from their owners and then pressing for additional latitude. Donald S. Strong, "The Rise of Negro Voting in Texas," American Political Science Review Vol. WebI believe it to be written in the late 19th to early 20th century and I provide it here as a historical article on slavery. [17] Most of the settlers Austin recruited came from the southern slave-owning portions of the United States. WebList of members of the United States Congress who owned slaves A James Abercrombie (congressman) Adelicia Acklen Joseph Alexander Smith Acklen Joseph H. Acklen George Madison Adams Green Adams James Uriah Adams Joel Adams Samuel Adams (Arkansas politician) William Wirt Adams Henry Addison (mayor) Thomas Affleck (planter) D. Wyatt They fought bitterly against the disruption of their families by sale or migration and at times virtually forced masters to respect family ties.

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