massachusetts bay colony ships passenger lists

Massachusetts Bay Colony was a 17th Century British settlement and political unit on the east coast of North America. Stileman, Elias, Judith (Adams), Elias Jr. Sumner, William, Mary (West), William Jr. Vassall, William, Anne, Judith, Francis, John, Anne, Wilkinson, John & Prudence (children Sarah & Elizabeth), Widow (husband John died enroute to America), Suspected could be synonymous with Thomas Harris, Sr., whose father was William and sometimes signed as Thomas Williams, Henry, Stephen, Samuel ___,____ (x8) -- Winthrop had eight servants, names unknown, Wright, Richard, Margaret, Eleanor, Robert, Google Books - The Bay Colony: A Civil, Religious and Social History - William Drummer Northend. I would look for actual primary records for him and then try to work backwards to a likely arrival date and place. Passengers on these first four ships were called the "Old Comers" of Plymouth Colony, and were given special treatment in later colonial affairs. They were highly literate and skilled, unlike the immigrants to Virginia, 75 percent of whom were servants. The well-planned and financed expedition was lead by Governor John Winthrop, who transported seven hundred Puritan immigrants from the religious turmoil in England to the Massachusetts Bay Colony in the spring of 1630. The Winthrop Fleet was a well-planned and financed expedition that formed the nucleus of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. See Wikipedia, major figure in Antonimum Conspiracy with Anne Hutchinson. These pages represent literally years of work, endless coffee and fingers But her search into the past leads her to a dark secret. Island New York Ships Passenger Lists 1894-1927 & Naturalization A wave of Italian and Portuguese immigration began in the late 1880s and reached its high point just prior to World War I. Russians, Russian Jews, and people from Poland and other Slavic countries came in large numbers in the early 20th century. Had 3 voyages, 1607 (Maine), 1630 (Salem) and 1634 (Boston). Boston, 1821-1850 Ships Passenger ListsShips Passenger Lists Index, 1500s-1900s Indexed CD with names of approximately 3,530,000 individuals who arrived in United States and Canadian ports. Only family member to survive 1st year in Boston, Harris, Thomas & Elizabeth (born Hills, later remarried as Stilson), Thomas Harris is listed twice; his father was William Harris, thus he often signed as Thomas Williams. 0000007140 00000 n Glenn Youngkin banned the use of several Chinese-owned apps, including TikTok and WeChat, on state government The Puritans knew the Plymouth Colony experiment worked, and decided to replicate it. Massachusetts Bay Colony included parts of New England, centered around Boston and Salem. OliveTreeGenealogy.com free immigration databases are listed after the fee based databases below, [an error occurred while processing this directive], Step 2: LOVE, POVERTY, WAR AND Also by Christopher Hitchens BLOOD, CLASS AND EMPIRE: The Enduring Anglo-American Relationship A LONG SHORT WAR: The Postponed Liberation of Iraq WHY ORWELL MATTERS LEFT HOOKS, RIGHT CROSSES: A Decade of Political Writing (edited with Christopher Caldwell) LETTERS TO A YOUNG CONTRARIAN THE TRIAL OF HENRY KISSINGER BLAMING THE VICTIMS: Spurious Scholarship and the . ships may have made more than one voyage and even several a year. These included John Winthrop's Massachusetts . There are three sets of passenger lists: The "A" lists are the Captains' Lists of passengers being imported; "B" lists are Oaths of Allegiance to the King; and "C" lists are Oaths of Abjuration from the Pope. English-America - Extensive ship information, thankfully still around amount of money the immigrant had in their possession. The basic category works now. mc N 761, in the Family History Area. She and her husband head to Salt Lake City Utah to research Janie's elusive 4th great-grandmother. Traveled with Haddon family (below), Converse, Edward, Sarah, Phineas, John, Josiah, James, with Wife and six children; 3rd, 7th, 11th, 14th Governor of the, Finch, Abraham, Abraham Jr., Daniel, John. Six months after their arrival, Thomas Dudley wrote to Bridget, Countess of Lincoln, the sister-in-law of Lady Arbella and Charles Fiennes, that over two hundred passengers had died between their landing April 30 and the following December, 1630. These first Massachusetts Bay settlers, numbering scarcely one thousand, hailed mainly from the English counties of Suffolk, Essex and Dorset. Southern Colony Ships, New England, Connecticut Colony, Plymouth Colony, Massachusetts Bay Colony, Province of New Hampshire, and Colony of Rhode Island. 0000003737 00000 n The Great Migration began to take off in 1630 when John Winthrop led a fleet of 11 ships to Massachusetts. See Online Databases and Resources. I'm not finding this person in the Great Migration. Immigration records usually take the form of ship's passenger lists collected at the port of entry. James' son Charles came into direct conflict with Parliament, and viewed them as a threat to his authority. Compiled from English public records. Abigail, sailed 1636 Alexander, sailed 1635 Amity, sailed February 27, 1626 Amity, sailed 1635 Angel Gabriel, sailed June 4, 1635 (0, 9, 0) Ann and Elizabeth, 1635 (0, 3, 0) Anne, sailed 1623 (0, 47, 2) B Bachelor, sailed Aug 11, 1635 (0, 3, 0) Bevis (Beuis), sailed May 1638 (0, 6, 0) Bird, sailed 1633 (0, 1, 0) 1600-1775--Sources, Great Britain--Emigration and immigration, Massachusetts -- History -- Colonial period, ca. Seven hundred men, women, and children were distributed among the ships of the fleet. The popular interest anticipated most of the features appearing in later periods. 1700 . (, The Original Lists of Persons of Quality, Emigrants, Religious Exiles, Political Rebels, Serving Men Sold for a Term of Years, Apprentices, Children Stolen, Maidens Pressed, and Others who Went from Great Britain to the American Plantations, 1600-1700: With Their Ages, the Localities where They Formerly Lived in the Mother Country, the Names of the Ships in which They Embarked, and Other Interesting Particulars, from Mss. the remainder following in two or three weeks. An alphabetical list of English convicts transported to colonial America. %PDF-1.3 % Please enable JavaScript in your browser's settings to use this part of Geni. Island, Immigrants to New England, 17001775. 1, Massachusetts, Salem and Beverly Crew Lists and Shipping Articles, 1797-1934, Salem and Beverly, Massachusetts, Crew Lists and Shipping Articles, 1797-1934, Massachusetts, passenger lists, 1806-1910, Massachusetts Whaling Crew Lists, 1807-1927, Massachusetts, Boston, Crew Lists, 1811-1921, Atlantic and Gulf Ports, Passenger List Card Index, 1820-1870, Massachusetts, Boston Passenger Lists, 1820-1891, Massachusetts, Boston Passenger Lists, 1820-1943, Boston, MA: Sea Fencibles' Signal Roll, 1824, Maine & Massachusetts Case Files of Deceased and Deserted Seamen 1837-1965, A List of Alien Passengers Bonded from January 1, 1847, to January 1, 1851, Boston, MA: Lists of Alien Passengers to the Port of Boston, 1847-1852, An Abstract of the list of alien passengers, bonded underthe law of May 10, 1848: with their names, ages, occupation, birthplace, last residence, name of vessel in which they arrived, and where from; also, the names of obligors and their residences, Massachusetts, Index to Boston Passenger Lists, 1848-1891, Massachusetts State Archives Passenger Manifest (1848-1891), U.S, Boston Arrivals of Jewish Immigrants from HIAS Records, 1882-1929, Massachusetts, Boston Passenger Lists, 1891-1943, United States, Border Crossings from Canada, 1895-1956, Massachusetts, Boston Passenger Lists Index, 1899-1940, Book Indexes to Boston Passenger Lists, 1899-1940, Massachusetts, New Bedford Passenger and Crew Lists, 1902-1943, Massachusetts, Gloucester Passenger and Crew Lists, 1906-1943, United States, New England Passenger and Crew Lists, 1911-1954, Massachusetts, Boston Crew Lists, 1917-1943, Crew lists of vessels arriving in New Bedford, Massachusetts, 1917-1943, Crew lists of vessels arriving at Gloucester, Massachusetts, 1918-1920, Massachusetts, Index to Passenger Lists of Vessels Arriving at Boston, 1921-1949, Massachusetts, Passenger and Crew Lists, 1949-1957, United States, Passenger and Crew Lists - New England Passenger And Crew Lists, British Aliens in the United States During the War of 1812, Italians Immigrating to the United States, Russians Immigrating to the United States, Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society card file I-96, 1882-1929, Germany, Bremen Emigration Lists, 1920-1939, United States Passport Applications, 1795-1925, NEHGS NEXUS: New England Across the United States, United States, Massachusetts - Emigration and immigration, United States, Massachusetts - Emigration and immigration - Colonial period, ca. This 1602 group had 32 passengers and it . Not sure about the details after "|". 1624: first English ship, Olive Blossom, arrives. I just tried it, but I must be doing something wrong - not surprised, brackets are NOT MY THING!!!! or West Indies, especially sugar rich Barbados, 1630-40. Middle Colony Ships; Parents: George Robert Reynolds married to Thomasyn Nathenielle Church Reynolds, they had four sons come to the New World; Robert and John left England and sailed to Boston; Thomas and Christopher left England and sailed to Virginia. By the mid-1640s its population numbered about 3,000 people. having in tow a wrecking schr, bound down the beach. and Florida, New Jersey, New Hampshire, The Puritan population in England had been growing for several years leading up to this time. Passenger lists of assisted arrivals may include: name, age, occupation, place of birth, (image) But there was plenty of frontier farther into the interior. 1600s. Indexes over 500,000 passengers to America from 1650 to mid-1980 in published passenger lists. Join Geni to explore your genealogy and family history in the World's Largest Family Tree. Online Store, New if joining a relative, who this person was, where they lived, and their relationship. 0000001504 00000 n Alexander Brown, "The first republic in America", Houghton, Mifflin and company, 1898 - 688 pages. Once the immigrants arrived, they typically fanned out to new towns after spending a few weeks or through the winter season in their port of entry. They were not the first settlers of the area; there was an existing settlement at Salem, started in about 1626 and populated by a few hundred Puritans governed by John Endicott, most of whom had arrived in 1629. The ship "Mary and John" sailed March 20, 1630 from Plymouth, Devon, arrived in Massachusetts Bay in the bounds of the territory of the company headed by Winthrop. The ship logo, which . Chesapeake Colony Ships; The remaining settlers either stayed in Salem or moved on to Boston or Watertown. The Winthrop Fleet was a well-planned and financed expedition that formed the nucleus of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Charles, a high Anglican, embraced religious spectacle and persecuted Puritans. And they didnt let just anyone join their movement. passenger lists and naturalization records on a pay site. worn to the bone.This data base has been compiled simply in hopes of easing Early settlers of Massachusetts generally came from England and Scotland and the other New England states. 185 0 obj << /Linearized 1 /O 188 /H [ 1504 337 ] /L 123454 /E 69734 /N 5 /T 119635 >> endobj xref 185 33 0000000016 00000 n 0000005149 00000 n Hotten: p. 71. John Gove, of Cambridge. UEAuXhA>wI S+4. - no passengers Includes a list of those who came to the Colonies during the first 50 years. First Settlers - long list of links. Son Edward, born and died shortly after arrival. Canadian Port of Arrival and the Olive Tree Genealogy was chosen by Family Tree Magazine as one of the 101 Best Genealogy Websites 2017! Uploaded by After 1880. Welcome to Geni, home of the world's largest family tree. Lots of recorded ancestors and descendants. I descend from the later two and my maternal line of the Lykins surname comes from Thomas and paternal line of Reynolds, of course, from Christopher. If the immigrant was born less than 100 years ago, you will also need to provide proof of his/her death. 81,82, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winthrop_Fleet&oldid=1066517573, John Revell, merchant, who lent money to the Plymouth Colony, and who was chosen assistant to the Massachusetts Bay Colony, Captain Edward Johnson, a leading figure in colonial Massachusetts and one of the founders of Woburn, Massachusetts, This page was last edited on 18 January 2022, at 19:01. The USCIS Genealogy Program is a fee-for-service program that provides researchers with timely access to historical immigration and naturalization records of deceased immigrants. (Best for messages specifically directed to those editing this profile. Many were sick during the voyage. a large painted port ship three fourths of a mile N of the bark (theCorneliusGrinnell), having nothing standing but her mben and stump of a mainmast; at 8. It was established in 1628; its charter revoked in 1684, and it became part of the Dominion of New England Genealogy in 1686. D'Addezio - wide scope of years with ships and passaengers Colket, Meridith B. Yet one of the earliest pilgrim arrivals was on the ship 'Concord' which left Falmouth, England on March 26, 1602 and arrived May 15, 1602 along the coast between where Plymouth and Maine would later be. Spanish explorers may have enslaved locals. Libraries with large genealogical collections, such as the, Order copies of passenger arrival records with, As late as 1795, the population of Massachusetts was nearly 95% of. 15. met steamtug Titan. Coldham, Peter Wilson. Thanks in advance! The Colony included parts of present-day Massachusetts, Rhode . The Winthrop Fleet was a group of 11 ships led by John Winthrop out of a total of 16[1] funded by the Massachusetts Bay Company which together carried between 700 and 1,000 Puritans plus livestock and provisions from England to New England over the summer of 1630, during the first period of the Great Migration. You must first identify the name of the town where your ancestors lived to access those records. Arrival of the Winthrop Colony, by William F. Halsall. There are also records for more recent time periods. Ships of the Great Migration listed chronologically Great Migration: Passengers of the Mayflower, 1620 Great Migration: Passengers of the Fortune, 1621 Great Migration: Passengers of the Sparrow, 1622 Great Migration: Passengers of the Anne & Little James, 1623 Great Migration: Passengers of the Abigail, 1628 People mentioned in Division of Land came on: few may have arrived on the Swan (1622) or Little James (1623) but they were small, carrying mostly cargo. Indexed CD with names of approximately 3,530,000 individuals who arrived in United States and Canadian ports. Public Record Office. The WikiTree profile for Robert Reynolds is found here: https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Reynolds-326 On that profile it seems to discount that Robert was son of George Robert and Thomasyn (Church) Reynolds. I just created this page because it was initially on the top of the category page and category pages aren't supposed to have this much text on it. Martha Ford - Widow of Fortune passenger William Ford. Returned to England. 0000003789 00000 n Charter of Massachusetts Bay, 1629. The great migration stopped, and some settlers returned to England to fight the war. For privacy reasons, some records can only be accessed after providing proof that your ancestor is now deceased. An associated political movement attempted to modify religious practice in England to conform to their views, and King James I wished to suppress this growing movement. Hb```f``} Being the first two well-known places in which the English would set out to colonize in 1607 and 1620, Jamestown, Virginia and Plymouth, Massachusetts hold very separate set of beliefs, standards, and outlooks on life then and the future to come. [4] However, the colony leaders and the bulk of the colonists remained in England for the time being to plan more thoroughly for the success of the new colony. I added a bit to Robert Reynolds-326 profile on the apparent (unsourced) origin of the George Reynolds/Thomasyn Church parentage theory and the also-unsourced Virginia/New England theory of their children's dispersal. The Puritans were actually leaving stable economic lives in a corrupt England for an uncertain future in a land where they could build a City Upon a Hill. SHIPS IN BOLD ARE NOT FINISHED - MORE INFO/LINKS AT 0000003767 00000 n 2008 - 2023 INTERESTING.COM, INC. Massachusetts: Passengers on the "Lion" from England to Boston, 1632, 2 Volumes, call #MA-047 Port Arrivals and Immigrants to the City of Boston, 1715-1716 and 1762-1768, pub call #MA-054 Passenger and Immigration Lists: Boston, 1821-1850, CD IR P008 Towey Surname Boston Passenger List 1820-1943, Npub, Michigan: The Great Migration began to take off in 1630 when John Winthrop led a fleet of 11 ships to Massachusetts. Today in Naval History - Naval / Maritime Events in History 23 March 1745 - Launch of HMS Gloucester, a 50-gun fourth rate ship of the line built for the Royal Navy in the 1740s HMS Gloucester was a 50-gun fourth rate ship of the line built for the Royal Navy in the 1740s. Familypedia is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. 11 vols. Immigrant Ships To America/First Families/Winthrop Fleet, The William & Francis, Master _____ Thomas, sailed March 9, 1632.*. 1600-1775 -- Sources, Great Britain -- Emigration and immigration, Allen County Public Library Genealogy Center, Terms of Service (last updated 12/31/2014). Ezekiel Richardson, COnverse and Mousall were some of the original founders of Woburn ( from Charlestown). 0000002888 00000 n Claims Barbados for James I. Supplemental volumes have been issued annually. 21 Jan 1635: John Cuttinge, Master of the Francis and William Andrewes, Master of the Elizabeth, both of Ipswitch, have brought a list of all the passengers that went in their ships to New England in April 1634 with certificates of their having taken the Oaths of Supremacy and Allegiance. The Complete Book of Emigrants in Bondage, 16141775. Immigrant Ships To America/First Families/Winthrop Fleet, French, Susanna (Riddlesdale) (1584-1658), Massachusetts Bay Colony - A Puritan colony. Although many records are included in the online records listed above, there are other records available through these archives and offices. . Bolton, Ethel Stanwood. One could argue the Arbella's arrival had a greater impact on the colonization of New England than the Mayflower 10 years earlier. Carolina, If you don't find your immigrant ancestor in a large port city, try smaller A multi-volume set that includes laws, orders, deeds, and other types of records drafted during this period. He temporarily dissolved Parliament in 1626, and again the next year, before dissolving it permanently in March 1629. 0000006475 00000 n The Complete Book of Emigrants, 16611669 A list of those who emigrated from England to America, including those who were deported and those sold into labor. Well documented with sources cited. This page was last edited on 27 January 2023, at 14:49. CONTENT MAY BE COPYRIGHTED BY WIKITREE COMMUNITY MEMBERS. 0000001819 00000 n This family were some of the 700+ Passengers of the Winthrop Fleet which sailed from England to settle the Massachusetts Bay Colony at Salem in 1630 under the guidance of Gov. The Bartlett Cemetery Association maintains and preserves this historical home. All that ended when the English Civil War broke out in 1640. Winthrop wrote to his wife just before they set sail in 1630 that there were seven hundred passengers. I cannot seem to find a list for the Scorpion. Winthrop Fleet of 1630 (an early part of the Great Migration) was the largest fleet ever assembled to carry Englishmen overseas to a new homeland. A rage of emigration swept through the eastern and midland counties of England, arousing in the authorities an apprehension which was to be shared by many other local officials of Europe during the next two and a half centuries. And here's a link to that source and page: Interested in the Reynolds surname. trailer << /Size 218 /Info 182 0 R /Root 186 0 R /Prev 119624 /ID[<195bffabf0cae1772ba7a478a07b661e><54913404a3ea0ee2cddbe2e57855ccb6>] >> startxref 0 %%EOF 186 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Pages 184 0 R /Metadata 183 0 R /Outlines 16 0 R /OpenAction [ 188 0 R /XYZ null null null ] /PageMode /UseNone /PageLabels 181 0 R /StructTreeRoot 187 0 R /PieceInfo << /MarkedPDF << /LastModified (D:20080705085627)>> >> /LastModified (D:20080705085627) /MarkInfo << /Marked true /LetterspaceFlags 0 >> >> endobj 187 0 obj << /Type /StructTreeRoot /RoleMap 18 0 R /ClassMap 21 0 R /K 167 0 R /ParentTree 168 0 R /ParentTreeNextKey 5 >> endobj 216 0 obj << /S 124 /O 214 /L 230 /C 246 /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 217 0 R >> stream Death Finds a Way: A Janie Riley Mystery by Lorine McGinnis Schulze, Organize Your Genealogy in Evernote in 10 Easy Steps, Immigration (Ships Passenger Lists, Naturalization, etc), Passenger and Immigration Lists Index, 1500s-1900s, The Complete Book of Emigrants, 1607-1776, Ship Kent arrived at Raccoon Creek,Mass. The fleet landed at Salem. Geni requires JavaScript! Citizenship and and Immigration Services Genealogy Program. The first passports that are available begin in 1795. Left wild hogs for a meat supply. Can she solve the mysteries of the past and the present before disaster strikes? b`:H/b`0h0 90 endstream endobj 217 0 obj 207 endobj 188 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 184 0 R /Resources << /ColorSpace << /CS0 193 0 R /CS1 194 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS0 211 0 R /GS1 212 0 R >> /Font << /TT0 190 0 R /TT1 192 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> /Contents [ 196 0 R 198 0 R 200 0 R 202 0 R 204 0 R 206 0 R 208 0 R 210 0 R ] /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /Rotate 0 /StructParents 0 >> endobj 189 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /Ascent 891 /CapHeight 656 /Descent -216 /Flags 34 /FontBBox [ -568 -307 2000 1007 ] /FontName /ALJGAP+TimesNewRoman /ItalicAngle 0 /StemV 94 /XHeight 0 /FontFile2 214 0 R >> endobj 190 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /TrueType /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 121 /Widths [ 250 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 500 0 250 333 0 0 500 500 500 0 500 0 500 0 0 500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 667 0 0 667 0 0 0 389 0 0 0 944 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 500 0 444 0 444 0 500 556 278 0 0 278 833 556 500 0 0 444 389 333 556 0 0 0 500 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /BaseFont /ALJGAN+TimesNewRoman,Bold /FontDescriptor 191 0 R >> endobj 191 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /Ascent 891 /CapHeight 0 /Descent -216 /Flags 34 /FontBBox [ -558 -307 2000 1026 ] /FontName /ALJGAN+TimesNewRoman,Bold /ItalicAngle 0 /StemV 160 /FontFile2 213 0 R >> endobj 192 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /TrueType /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 150 /Widths [ 250 0 0 0 500 833 0 0 333 333 0 0 250 333 250 0 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 278 278 0 0 0 0 0 722 667 667 722 611 556 722 722 333 389 722 611 889 722 722 556 722 667 556 611 0 722 944 0 722 0 333 0 333 0 0 0 444 500 444 500 444 333 500 500 278 278 500 278 778 500 500 500 500 333 389 278 500 500 722 500 500 444 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 333 333 444 444 0 500 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /BaseFont /ALJGAP+TimesNewRoman /FontDescriptor 189 0 R >> endobj 193 0 obj [ /ICCBased 215 0 R ] endobj 194 0 obj /DeviceGray endobj 195 0 obj 577 endobj 196 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 195 0 R >> stream Founders of Early American Families: Emigrants from Europe 16071657. It was a well planned and financed expedition comprising eleven ships that carried 700 immigrants from England to the Massachusetts Bay Colony. May 1631 - Freeman at Cambridge MA. Here is a partial list of passengers; mostly those who ultimately removed to Ships have sourced and documented passenger lists attached. The children were cold and bored, and there is a description of a game played with a rope that helped with both problems. I would just label it as "highly suspect". Be the first one to, The planters of the commonwealth; a study of the emigrants and emigration in colonial times: to which are added lists of passengers to Boston and to the Bay Colony; the ships which brought them; their English homes, and the places of their settlement in Massachusetts. H|[0+)"}Z[Ul)HNB;-9WxxX>m[nBmU@B|Elt`d FOXp The records indicate that the ship actually arrived in Massachusetts, but other references mention that the . If you do not yet know the name of the town of your ancestor's birth, there are well-known strategies for a thorough hunt for it. Please add Geni profiles to the ship projects found in the "related" projects on the right and also listed below. In any case, a 1642 arrival, if true would make him inelgible for the PGM project. ). 231p. Michigan, Alaska, California, Hawaii and Washington. . Will do so now. Phone: 1-978-388-3054. John Winthrop. Records in the countries emigrated from are kept on the local level. Irons, E.A., "Isaac Johnson: A Memoir", The Rutland Magazine and County Historical Record, 1908, Volume 3, Rutland Archaeological and Natural History Society, Chas. In the 1870s large numbers of Canadians, especially French Canadians, began to move overland into the state.

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